Calcium dependent protein kinase, a versatile player in plant stress management and development

Abstract

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) form the major and unique group of calcium (Ca2+) sensors in plants. Attributed to their peculiar structural features, CDPKs play a dual role of “Ca2+ sensor and responder” and translate the message from specific Ca2+ signature to phosphorylation events. Most of the stress and developmental triggers instigate an increase in Ca2+ level and consequently Ca2+ signaling in plants. Expression and functional analyses across plant species have revealed differential regulation of CDPK transcripts, activity, protein interactions and substrate targeting under different cues, including biotic and abiotic stresses and plant development. Thus, vital roles of CDPKs are proposed in perpetuating stress and development triggered Ca2+ signaling to adaptive responses in plants. Genetic engineering using CDPK genes could be utilitarian in the agricultural biotechnology for imparting higher degree of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and better productivity. Here, we discuss the recent advancements and update of CDPK gene family organization, domain structure and regulatory mechanism, the role of CDPKs in abiotic stress, biotic stress, development signaling and responses in the model and crop plants.