Publications of NIPGR Scientists
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Item Metabolism and signalling in pea (Pisum sativum) leaves exposed to drought and subsequent recovery(John Wiley & Sons, 2026) Pandey, Jayendra; Mantena, Chakradhar; Kumari, Aprajita; Singh, Pooja; Foyer, Christine H.; Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis; Subramanyam, RajagopalUncovering the metabolic and molecular mechanisms involved in plant responses to drought and subsequent recovery, is essential to identify drought tolerance mechanisms that can be used to improve crop plants. Here we combine plant physiology and biochemistry, with gene expression, quantitative proteomics and metabolite profiling to identify the genetic and metabolic networks that operate in plants experiencing and recovering from drought. Network analysis of transcripts, proteins and metabolites revealed that certain biological processes such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipid metabolism had a strong impact on the overall control of leaf responses to drought and recovery. The stimulation of carbohydrate oxidation pathways is demonstrated to be a key node in the generation of energy and precursors required to support diverse survival pathways of defence.Item Pisum sativum wild-type and mutant stipules and those induced by an auxin transport inhibitor demonstrate the entire diversity of laminated stipules observed in angiosperms(Springer, 2013) Kumar, Arvind; Sharma, Vishakha; Khan, Moinuddin; Tripathi, Bhumi Nath; Kumar, SushilAbout a quarter of angiosperm species are stipulate. They produce stipule pairs at stem nodes in association with leaves. Stipule morphology is treated as a species-specific characteristic. Many species bear stipules as laminated organs in a variety of configurations, including laterally free large foliaceous, small, or wholly leaf-like stipules, and as fused intrapetiolar, opposite, ochreate or interpetiolar stipules. In Pisum sativum, the wild-type and stipule-reduced and cochleata mutants are known to form free large, small, and leaf-like stipules, respectively. Auxin controls initiation and development of plant organs and perturbations in its availability and distribution in the meristems, caused by auxin transport inhibitor(s) (ATIs), lead to aberrations in leaf development. The effect(s) of ATI(s) on stipule development are unexplored. To study the effect of the ATI 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) on stipule morphogenesis, P. sativum explants were grown in vitro in presence of a sublethal concentration of NPA. The NPA-treated shoots produced fused stipules of all the different types described in angiosperms. The observations indicate that (a) the gene sets for stipule differentiation may be common in angiosperms and (b) the interspecies stipule architectural differences are due to mutations, affecting gene expression or activity that got selected in the course of evolution.Item Nodal spine pairs present in the mimosoid Prosopis juliflora are not stipules but define a distinct class of lateral organs(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2012) Sharma, Vishakha; Kumar, SushilThe descriptions of Prosopis juliflora of subfamily mimosoideae in the family leguminosae, given in the floras of arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including the flora of Delhi, state that the spine pairs seen in association with compound leaf on nodes are stipules. The suggestions that spines are stipules were tested by morphological and histological examination of nodes of P. juliflora plants growing in the Arawalli range at New Delhi. The nascent nodes on growing branches of P. juliflora were observed to produce a pair of knife-like free bifacial stipules together with a leaf and a pair of spines. The stipules were missing from the mature nodes of the same branches whose young nodes carried stipule pairs, suggesting that the stipules were deciduous whereas leaves and spines were persistent. Anatomically, spines were observed to be appendages to stem and located adjacent to leaf petiole away from stipules. Vasculature of stipules was independent. The observations allowed the conclusion that P. juliflora nodes form regular stipules and spines produced on them are stem-like distinct lateral organs. It is suggested that nodal spine pairs borne on plant nodes in general are lateral organs different from stipules, leaves and secondary inflorescences.Item COCHLEATA controls leaf size and secondary inflorescence architecture via negative regulation of UNIFOLIATA (LEAFY ortholog) gene in garden pea Pisum sativum(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2012) Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, SushilUNIFOLIATA [(UNI) or UNIFOLIATA-TENDRILLED ACACIA (UNI-TAC)] expression is known to be negatively regulated by COCHLEATA (COCH) in the differentiating stipules and flowers of Pisum sativum. In this study, additional roles of UNI and COCH in P. sativum were investigated. Comparative phenotyping revealed pleiotropic differences between COCH (UNI-TAC and uni-tac) and coch (UNI-TAC and uni-tac) genotypes of common genetic background. Secondary inflorescences were bracteole-less and bracteolated in COCH and coch genotypes, respectively. In comparison to the leaves and corresponding sub-organs and tissues produced on COCH plants, coch plants produced leaves of 1.5-fold higher biomass, 1.5-fold broader petioles and leaflets that were 1.8-fold larger in span and 1.2-fold dorso-ventrally thicker. coch leaflets possessed epidermal cells 1.3-fold larger in number and size, 1.4-fold larger spongy parenchyma cells and primary vascular bundles with 1.2-fold larger diameter. The transcript levels of UNI were at least 2-fold higher in coch leaves and secondary inflorescences than the corresponding COCH organs. It was concluded that COCH negatively regulated UNI in the differentiating leaves and secondary inflorescences and thereby controlled their sizes and/or structures. It was also surmised that COCH and UNI (LFY homolog) occur together widely in stipulate flowering plants.Item Development of EST- derived SSR markers in pea (Pisum sativum) and their potential utility for genetic mapping and transferability(Blackwell Verlag GmbH, 2012) Mishra, Raghvendra K; Gangadhar, Banieka H; Nookaraju, Akula; Kumar, Sushil; Park, Se WSimple sequence repeats (SSRs) derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are important resources for gene discovery and mapping. In this study, we developed EST-based SSR (eSSRs) markers and assessed their ability in mapping and transferability. A total of 10 800 unigenes were detected from 18 522 pea EST sequences (December 2009). Screening of 10 800 unigenes by MISA (MIcroSAtellite) revealed 2612 (14.1%) eSSRs in 2395 (12.9%) SSR-containing ESTs from which 577 (24.1%) primer pairs were designed. The most abundant repeat motif identified in eSSR was mononucleotide (85.2%), followed by trinucleotide (10.6%) and dinucleotide (2.8%). Among 108 randomly selected primer pairs, 40 were assessed for mapping and 68 to test cross-species transferability in six leguminous species. Out of 40 primer pairs, 85% produced amplicons, 60% showed polymorphism and 47.5% were mapped. Furthermore, 68 primer pairs revealed high rate of transferability (48–85%) in leguminous species. High levels of polymorphism, reproducibility, presence of alleles (3.8/locus) and transferability revealed the potential use of these eSSR markers in molecular mapping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and comparative mapping in pea and other legumes.Item Interaction between COCHLEATA and UNIFOLIATA genes enables normal flower morphogenesis in the garden pea, Pisum sativum(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2011) Kumar, Sushil; Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumari, Renu; Kumari, Nisha; Mishra, PoonamThe simple stipules, leaflet and tendril bearing imparipinnately compound leaf blades and zygomorphic flowers, produced on stems of the diploid (2n = 14; ≥ 5000 Mbp nuclear genome) papilionoid Fabaceae plant Pisum sativum, are serving as unique and highly informative models for the dis- section of plant developmental programmes. The growing information has revealed that the processes of stipule, leaf and flower morphogeneses are genetically interconnected in P. sativum (Hofer et al. 1997; Yaxley et al. 2001; Wang et al.2008; Kumar et al. 2009).Item Co-regulation of biomass partitioning by leafblade morphology genes AFILA, MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA in grain pea Pisum sativum(Indian National Science Academy, 2010) Kumar, Sushil; Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Chaudhary, Swati; Pandey, Richa; Yadav, GitanjaliIn grain pea Pisum sativum, 16 genotypes constructed by combining wild type and mutant alleles of MULTIFOLIATE- PINNA (MFP), AFILA (AF), TENDRIL-LESS (TL) and UNIFOLIATA (UNI) genes, which differed in leaf blade morphology, were quantitatively phenotyped for allometry. The biomass partitioning among root, stem, stipule, leaf blade and seeds was unique for these genotypes suggesting that MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes determined leaf blade and plant architecture. Gene actions were inferred on the basis of mutant phenotypes. Biomass of all the organs was found to be increased in the tl single mutant. The af mutation singly and in combination with mfp, mfp tl, mfp uni-tac or mfp tl uni-tac decreased biomass of all the organs. Allocation of biomass to leaves was increased at the expense of that to seeds or seeds and stems by a single mfp mutation or in combination with uni-tac, af tl, tl uni-tac and af tl uni-tac mutations. The AF and MFP functions are essential in pea cultivars for high yield of grains.The mechanism for simultaneous control of leaf blade and plant architecture suggested by mutant phenotypes has three elements. The MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes exercise control over meristematic activity in all the organs. Their determination of leaf blade morphology and size affect net photosynthesis or metabolite supply. The quantities of available metabolites determine numbers and sizes of organs or partitioned total biomass. The tl allele is identified as a genetic marker/determinant for breeding tendril-less prolific pea cultivars for obtaining herbage and grains in high yields.Item Genetic control of leaf-blade morphogenesis by the Insecatus gene in Pisum sativum(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2010) Kumar, Sushil; Chaudhary, Swati; Sharma, Vishakha; Kumari, Renu; Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Kumar, Arvind; Choudhury, Debjani Roy; Jha, Ruchi; Priyadarshini, Anupama; Kumar, ArunTo understand the role of INSECATUS (INS) gene in pea, the leaf blades of wild-type, ins mutant and seven other genotypes, constructed by recombining ins with uni-tac, af, tl and mfp gene mutations, were quantitatively compared. The ins was inherited as a recessive mutant allele and expressed its phenotype in proximal leaflets of full size leaf blades. In ins leaflets, the midvein development was arrested in distal domain and a cleft was formed in lamina above this point. There was change in the identity of ins leaflets such that the intercalary interrupted midvein bore a leaf blade. Such adventitious blades in ins, ins tl and ins tl mfp were like the distal segment of respective main leaf blade. The ins phenotype was not seen in ins af and ins af uni-tac genotypes. There was epistasis of uni-tac over ins. The ins, tl and mfp mutations interacted synergistically to produce highly pronounced ins phenotype in the ins tl mfp triple mutant. The role(s) of INS in leaf-blade organogenesis are: positive regulation of vascular patterning in leaflets, repression of UNI activity in leaflet primordia for ectopic growth and in leaf-blade primordium for indeterminate growth of rachis, delimitation of proximal leaflet domain and together with TL and MFP homeostasis for meristematic activity in leaflet primordia. The variant apically bifid shape of the affected ins leaflets demonstrated that the leaflet shape is dependent on the venation pattern.Item Mapping of the multifoliate pinna (mfp) leaf-blade morphology mutation in grain pea Pisum sativum(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2009) Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Kumar, Anil; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumar, SushilThe multifoliate pinna (mfp) mutation alters the leaf-blade architecture of pea, such that simple tendril pinnae of distal domain are replaced by compound pinna blades of tendrilled leaflets in mfp homozygotes. The MFP locus was mapped with reference to DNA markers using F2 and F2:5 RIL as mapping populations. Among 205 RAPD, 27 ISSR and 35 SSR markers that demonstrated polymorphism between the parents of mapping populations, three RAPD markers were found linked to the MFP locus by bulk segregant analyses on mfp/mfp and MFP/MFP bulks assembled from the F2:5 population. The segregational analysis of mfp and 267 DNA markers on 96 F2 plants allowed placement of 26 DNA markers with reference to MFP on a linkage group. The existence of common markers on reference genetic maps and MFP linkage group developed here showed that MFP is located on linkage group IV of the consensus genetic map of pea.Item Role of LLD, a new locus for leaflet/pinna morphogenesis in Pisum sativum(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2001) Prajapati, Seema; Kumar, SushilProperties of a mutant at the LLD (LEAF-LET DEVELOPMENT) locus in pea Pisum sativum L. are reported in this paper. Plants homozygous for the Mendelian recessive mutation lld bear leaves in which a few to many leaflets are incompletely developed. Opposite pinnae of rachis nodes often formed fused incompletely developed leaflets. The lld mutation was observed to abort pinna development at almost all morphogenetic stages. The lld mutation demonstrated high penetrance and low expressivity. The phenotypes of lld plants in tl, tac, tl tac, tl af and tl af tac backgrounds suggested that LLD function is involved in the separation of lateral adjacent blastozones differentiated on primary, secondary and tertiary rachides and lamina development in leaflets. The aborted development of tendrils and leaflets in lld mutants was related to deficiency in vascular tissue growth. The morphological and anatomical features of the leaflets formed on a tl lld double mutant permitted a model of basipetal leaflet development. The key steps of leaflet morphogenesis include origin of the lamina by splitting of a radially symmetrical growing pinna having abaxial outer surface, opposite to the vascular cylinder, through an invaginational groove, differentiation of adaxial surface along the outer boundary of split tissue in the groove and expansion of the lamina ridges so formed into lamina spans.