Publications of NIPGR Scientists

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Author: search.filters.author.Singh, Amar PalHas files: No

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    Molecular approaches for improving nutritional quality in crops
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2024) Gandhi, Nidhi; Singh, Amar Pal
    The increasing rate of occurrence of chronic diseases in the human population is creating a global awareness of consuming a healthy diet. It has been shown that regular consumption of a nutritious diet plays a vital role in the prevention of malnutrition as well as a variety of deadly diseases. Food is defined as functional if it provides additional benefits along with basic nutrition, either by reducing the risk of diseases or by improving the health state. There are different strategies and techniques for the identification and quantification of the desired phytochemicals, metabolites, and minerals in the crops and for introducing the superior alleles responsible for the desired traits in the germplasm. By using genome-level genetic studies like GWAS, the genomic regions can be identified that are responsible for the superior metabolic trait. Recently, precise genome editing using CRISPR/ Cas9 technology and overexpression of a few genes in crop plants offer to enhance the production of desired metabolites and micronutrients. Many crops have been produced in the last few years by altering the expression of genes via gene silencing, genome-level editing, mutagenesis, or other strategies of advanced genetic engineering. In this chapter, we summarize the different approaches for enhancing the yield and nutritional quality of crops. The successful attempts to increase the essential vitamins and micronutrients or other beneficial phytochemicals in the crops will be discussed. Altogether, we describe the application of different techniques and strategies to manipulate the genome or precise gene in the crop plants to enhance the food's nutritional quality.
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    Nitrogen forms and their availability-dependent root developmental adaptation in plants
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Pandey, Anshika; Singh, Kratika; Singh, Amar Pal
    Nitrogen (N) is one of the crucial nutrients required for the growth and development of plants. The two predominant forms of N acquired by terrestrial plants are nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+). Due to the leaching behavior of these forms, N often ends up being the limiting nutrient for crop plants. Postgreen revolution strategies of accelerated crop production necessitated the heavy application of N fertilizers, a large portion of which succumbs to air and water. To adapt to varying levels of NO3− and NH4+ and under their low availability, plants have inherent mechanisms of altering their root system architecture (RSA), a phenomenon termed as N foraging response. Knowledge about the biochemical mechanisms and genetic aspects behind N source preference and root plasticity is vast but scattered. In this chapter, we attempt to put forward the coordination of primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development by intrinsic factors such as growth regulators and N metabolites in an N-form-specific manner. The influence of N interaction with other nutrients on root development has also been featured.
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    Plant growth coordination during stress conditions: Role of phytohormones
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Gupta, Shreya; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar Pal
    Plants encounter multiple stresses which are associated with compromised plant growth and yield across the globe. Several studies have been done in the past few years to understand plant acclimatization under numerous stresses like nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, temperature, and pathogen attack. The shoot and root system architecture in plants seems a promising approach as it is highly sensitive to edaphic and internal signals and plants adapt by modulating them to these stresses. Intrinsic factors such as growth hormones are the key components of the plant whose levels and signaling determine the extent of plant growth and performance. The major phytohormones that are involved in monitoring plant development for optimized plant growth during environmental stresses are auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellins, and ethylene. In recent years, detailed genetic and biochemical analysis of the signaling and biosynthesis genes and transcription factors of these hormones have been studied from the model plant Arabidopsis to different crops. Genetic studies have shown that these hormones regulate several biological processes of root and shoot growth including cell elongation, division and differentiation, root hair and lateral root formation, and floral and leaf morphology in response to altered environmental conditions. In this chapter, the current understanding of both above- and below-ground plant organs and their developmental plasticity during stress conditions along with the interplay of growth hormones has been summarized and discussed.
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    Brassinosteroids in plant growth and development
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yadav, Ritesh Kumar; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar Pal
    Brassinosteroids (BRs) are crucial for modulating several plant-related growth activities in the plant. The essential roles of BRs in modulating growth have been well characterized. Recently, BRs emerged as key players, which are accountable for governing stress-mediated responses like high temperature and nutrient deficiency. The genetic components of BRs signaling starting with membrane-confined receptors to the nuclear transcriptional effectors have been characterized. Here, we summarize the advances in the BRs signaling pathway and its spatiotemporal regulation in context with plant growth and development. Further, we highlight the essential role of BRs in regulating the root-and-shoot development, including the effect of BRs on stomata development and physiology as well as in root system architecture modulation. This summarized information will shed light on the current understanding of the BRs regulatory network and its multiple levels of cross talk with the other growth-related hormones in determining the plant performance under stress conditions.
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    Nitric oxide: Interaction with auxins, brassinosteroids, and abscisic acid
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2022) Gupta, Shreya; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar Pal
    Studies have identified the central role of nitric oxide in stress mitigation through the modulation of physiological and biochemical pathways including germination, photosynthesis regulation, and programmed cell death. Nitric Oxide in Plants: A Molecule with Dual Roles provides a detailed account of the physio-biochemical, molecular, and omic basis of NO-mediated responses in crop plants under different stresses. Summarizing recent work from leading researchers in the field, this up-to-date volume presents the current understanding of the modulation of the endogenous nitric oxide concentration following exogenous treatments and nitric oxide scavengers or inhibitors. The contributors discuss topics such as NO-mediated regulation of growth, photosynthesis, and tolerance mechanisms, the reductive and oxidative pathways of NO synthesis, molecular interventions for enhancing NO synthesis, the role of nitrogen in production of NO, beneficial microbes in NO production under normal and changing environmental conditions, and more.