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Author: search.filters.author.Kaur, SarbjeetSubject: search.filters.subject.chickpea

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    Genotypic variability and trait associations for cold stress tolerance in cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the reproductive stage
    (PLOS, 2026) Padhiar, Deeksha; Kaur, Sarbjeet; Parida, Swarup K.; Jha, Uday C; Shama, Kamal Dev; Prasad, Pagadala Venkat Vara; Siddique, Kadambot H M; Nayyar, Harsh
    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a major winter legume in northern South Asia and Australia, frequently encounters low temperatures (0–15 °C) during reproduction, causing substantial yield losses. The present study involved screening two independent sets of 100 genotypes over consecutive winters to identify sources of reproductive-stage cold tolerance and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Following outdoor establishment, plants were exposed to controlled cold stress (15/7 °C day/night) during flowering and pod development (15 d) in walk-in growth chambers. Ten representative cold-tolerant (CT) and ten cold-sensitive (CS) genotypes were selected each year based on integrated performance across yield, physiological, biochemical, and reproductive traits for a detailed mechanistic analysis. Cold-sensitive genotypes exhibited severe dysfunction, characterized by high electrolyte leakage (50−59% above CT) and malondialdehyde (39−51% above CT), indicating membrane damage. Reduced chlorophyll content (21−23%), photosystem II efficiency (23−29%), and stomatal conductance (40−43%) impaired photosynthesis. Inadequate cryoprotectants (reduced by 25−58%) and antioxidants (reduced by 38−55%) caused oxidative damage. Reproductive collapse followed, with pollen viability and germination declining by 24−46%, stigma receptivity and ovule viability decreasing by 41−68%, and seed yields falling by 85−95%. Cold-tolerant genotypes-maintained homeostasis through integrated protection in terms of superior membrane stability, enhanced compatible solutes, and elevated antioxidant activities, which sustained photosynthesis and reproductive success, achieving better yields under cold stress. Principal component analysis revealed cold tolerance as an integrated system (PC1:72.6–81.3% variance), clearly separating the CT from the CS genotypes. Membrane stability, photosynthetic efficiency, and pollen viability emerged as diagnostic traits (r = 0.85–0.91 with yield, p < 0.001; heritability 70−99%). Tolerance operated independently of maturity (R² = 0.10–0.18), enabling donor identification across maturity classes. Twenty cold-tolerant genotypes were identified, spanning the early, medium, and late maturity groups, respectively. These findings establish a mechanistic understanding of reproductive-stage cold tolerance, provide vital selection markers, and identify genetic resources for breeding cold-resilient chickpea cultivars.
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    Nitric oxide-mediated modulation of reproductive resilience under cold stress in chickpea
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2025) Kaur, Sarbjeet; Padhiar, Deeksha; Jha, Uday Chand; Kumar, Sanjeev; Sharma, Kamal Dev; Parida, Swarup Kumar; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.; Prasad, P. V. Vara; Nayyar, Harsh
    Chickpeas are particularly sensitive to cold stress during the reproductive phase, which can significantly impair pod set and yield. This study examined the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, in mitigating cold-induced reproductive damage in cold-tolerant (CT) and cold-sensitive (CS) chickpea genotypes. After 100 days of outdoor growth, plants were subjected to cold stress (15/8°C day/night; 12 h photoperiod) for 21 days in walk-in growth chambers during the reproductive stage of development. Control plants were maintained at 25/15°C day/night temperature. SNP treatment (1 mM) was applied exogenously each time, first two days prior to stress onset and then at seven-day intervals (three applications total). Cold stress significantly lowered endogenous NO levels in leaves, anthers, and ovules, particularly in CS genotypes, thereby leading to reduced pollen viability and germination. SNP treatment restored NO and improved reproductive performance, with stronger responses in the CS than the CT genotype. For instance, pollen germination increased by 57.9% in CS versus 17.6% in CT, and pollen viability increased by 28.0% and 13.1%, respectively. Enhanced anther function resulted in a 157.2% increase in pod set and 62.0% higher seed yield in CS. SNP also improved physiological traits, including a 43.9% increase in cellular viability, 18.6% in stomatal conductance, and 41.9% in chlorophyll content in CS genotypes. Cryoprotectants (proline, trehalose, and sucrose) accumulated in anthers, reinforcing cold resilience, while oxidative stress was simultaneously alleviated through reduced malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage, together with the upregulation of both enzymatic (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), and glutathione reductase (GR)) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid (ASC) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) components. Notably, CS genotypes showed more pronounced improvements from SNP application than CT genotypes, particularly in terms of reproductive success and yield-related traits. These findings highlight the potential of NO donors, such as SNP, to enhance cold tolerance in chickpeas, with promising implications for safeguarding productivity under low-temperature stress, especially in sensitive cultivars.