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Subject: search.filters.subject.Salt stress

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    Trichoderma harzianum protects the Arabidopsis salt overly sensitive 1 mutant against salt stress
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2025) Gandhi, Akanksha; Reichelt, Michael; Goyal, Divya; Vadassery, Jyothilakshmi; Oelmüller, Ralf
    Salt stress is one of the major environmental factors that limits crop productivity. To mount an effective response to cope with salt stress, plants rely on the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway. The SOS1, SOS2 and SOS3 proteins are crucial for the maintenance of ion homeostasis and the sos1 mutant is hypersensitive to salt stress. Trichoderma harzianum, a beneficial fungus, increases the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses. We examined the effect of the Trichoderma strain on the performance of the salt overly sensitive (sos1) mutant of Arabidopsis under salt stress. Compared to the isogenic glabra1 (gl1) control seedlings, the fresh weight, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigment content and transcript level of genes involved in ROS scavenging were increased in Trichoderma-inoculated sos1 plants under 150 mM salt stress. Trichoderma also enhanced the accumulation of the osmolytes proline, alanine, as well as the sucrose and glucose in the salt-stressed sos1, but not gl1 mutants, and the accumulation of Na+ was restricted in the sos1 mutant. The beneficial effects of T. harzianum could be attributed to higher colonization rates of the sos1 mutant compared to the gl1 controls. In conclusion, these findings underscore that the Trichoderma strain activates stronger salt protective responses in the salt-sensitive sos1 mutant than in control gl1 plants. Therefore, the Trichoderma strain is a valuable tool to investigate how a beneficial endophyte can stimulate salt tolerance responses in the host to promote its performance under stress.
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    Role of plant neurotransmitters in salt stress: A critical review
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Malakar, Paheli; Gupta, Santosh K.; Chattopadhyay, Debasis
    Neurotransmitters are naturally found in many plants, but the molecular processes that govern their actions still need to be better understood. Acetylcholine, γ-Aminobutyric acid, histamine, melatonin, serotonin, and glutamate are the most common neurotransmitters in animals, and they all play a part in the development and information processing. It is worth noting that all these chemicals have been found in plants. Although much emphasis has been placed on understanding how neurotransmitters regulate mood and behaviour in humans, little is known about how they regulate plant growth and development. In this article, the information was reviewed and updated considering current thinking on neurotransmitter signaling in plants' metabolism, growth, development, salt tolerance, and the associated avenues for underlying research. The goal of this study is to advance neurotransmitter signaling research in plant biology, especially in the area of salt stress physiology.
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    Recent insights into plant circadian clock response against abiotic stress
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2022) Sharma, Megha; Irfan, Mohammad; Kumar, Arun; Kumar, Pankaj; Datta, Asis
    The circadian clock is a cell autonomously and endogenously regulated biological timekeeper that detects changes in environmental stimuli and generates 24-h rhythms that are synched with day to day and periodic oscillations to govern many biological functions. Plant's circadian clocks enable them to anticipate environmental changes by modifying their physiological and biological traits to improve plant fitness. The internal circadian clock not only aids fitness but also allows the plant to time-gate the response to environmental stimuli. The latest evidence on the circadian clock suggests that the clock regulates/modulates the expression of abiotic stress-responsive pathways to improve tolerance to stresses without hampering plant growth. In turn, stress signaling also influences the activity of several clock components. This review emphasizes the interplay of the biological circadian clock with abiotic stress-responsive pathways (drought, heat, cold, and salt) for plant growth and survival as well as for stress resilience. A better comprehension of these mechanisms could aid in the development of genetic tools to improve breeding procedures and plant stress tolerance, thereby increasing crop yield and quality under changing ecological conditions.
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    Adaptation of plants to salt stress: the role of the ion transporters
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2021) Malakar, Paheli; Chattopadhyay, Debasis
    Adaptation to high salinity is achieved by cellular ion homeostasis which involves regulation of toxic sodium ion (Na+) and Chloride ion (Cl−) uptake, preventing the transport of these ions to the aerial parts of the plants and vacuolar sequestration of these toxic ions. Ion transporters have long been known to play roles in maintaining ion homeostasis. Na+ enters the cell through various voltage dependent selective and non-selective ion channels. High Na+ concentration in the plasma membrane is balanced either by uptake of potassium ion (K+) by various potassium importing channels, by salt exclusion mechanism or by sequestration of Na+ in the vacuoles. Therefore, the role of high-affinity potassium transporter, the salt overly sensitive pathway, the most well-defined Na+ exclusion pathway that exports Na+ from cell into xylem and tonoplast localized cation transporters that compartmentalizes Na+ in vacuoles need to be studied in detail and applied to make the plant adaptable to saline soil. Knowledge on the regulation of expression of these transporters by the hormones, microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs can be utilized to manipulate the ion transport. Here, we reviewed paradigm of the ion transporters in salt stress signalling pathways from the recent and past studies aiding transformation of basic knowledge into biotechnological applications to generate engineered salt stress tolerant crops.
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    Differential expression of salt-responsive genes to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.) at seedling stage
    (Springer Nature, 2018) Singh, Vijayata; Singh, Ajit Pal; Bhadoria, Jyoti; Giri, Jitender; Singh, Jogendra; T. V., Vineeth; Sharma, P. C.
    The understanding of physio-biochemical and molecular attributes along with morphological traits contributing to the salinity tolerance is important for developing salt-tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. To explore these facts, rice genotypes CSR10 and MI48 with contrasting salt tolerance were characterized under salt stress (control, 75 and 150 mM NaCl) conditions. CSR10 expressed higher rate of physio-biochemical parameters, maintained lower Na/K ratio in shoots, and restricted Na translocation from roots to shoots than MI48. The higher expression of genes related to the osmotic module (DREB2A and LEA3) and ionic module (HKT2;1 and SOS1) in roots of CSR10 suppresses the stress, enhances electrolyte leakage, promotes the higher compatible solute accumulation, and maintains cellular ionic homeostasis leading to better salt stress tolerance than MI48. This study further adds on the importance of these genes in salt tolerance by comparing their behaviour in contrasting rice genotypes and utilizing specific marker to identify salinity-tolerant accessions/donors among germplasm; overexpression of these genes which accelerate the selection procedure precisely has been shown.
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    Role of mitogen activated protein kinase cascade in combating abiotic stress in plants
    (Springer, 2015) Ara, Hussain; Sinha, Alok Krishna
    Plants being sessile have to counter a plethora of stresses, both biotic and abiotic in order to grow and survive. The ability of plants to perceive these stresses at the cell surface and transduce them to the nucleus for appropriate cellular readjustment is one of the most sophisticated mechanisms they have developed during the process of evolution. Among several cascades helping in signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is one of the most important cascades that is ubiquitously present in all eukaryotes. This unique protein cascade is also involved in several developmental and vital processes in plants. This is essentially a phosphorelay cascade consisting of three components, a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK/MAP3K/MEKK/MKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK/MAP2K/MEK/MKK), and a MAPK (MPK) connected to each other by the event of phosphorylation. All these components of MAPK cascade are multigene family and are involved in efficient transmission of specific stimuli in response to stress signaling. In the present chapter, we will highlight the involvement of different members of this phosphorelay cascade during abiotic stress in plants.
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    Over expression of constitutively active mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6 enhances tolerance to salt stress in rice
    (Springer, 2013) Kumar, Kundan; Sinha, Alok Krishna
    Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stresses encountered by plants in the environment and transgenic approaches offer new opportunities to improve tolerance. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK) is a key component of MAPK cascade that plays important roles in intra and extra cellular signaling in plants. In the present study, a MKK from rice (Oryza sativa), OsMKK6 was functionally characterized in salt stress by transforming its constitutively active form.
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    New evidences about strictosidine synthase (Str) regulation by salinity, cold stress and nitric oxide in Catharanthus roseus
    (Springer, 2013) Dutta, Ajaswrata; Sen, Jayanti; Deswal, Renu
    Alkaloid production in plants is altered by abiotic stressors, but the mechanism(s) are poorly understood. Present study provides novel evidences about differential regulation of strictosidine synthase (Str), the key gene of terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthetic pathway in response to salinity and low temperature stress in Catharanthus roseus. HPLC analysis of terpene indole alkaloids correlated with differential regulation of Str by low temperature and salinity stress. Administration of exogenous calcium and calcium channel modulator preferentially regulated Str transcript. In addition, administration of kinase and phosphatase inhibitors modulated Str expression. Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) signaling was ascertained by NO donor and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) scavenger treatments. This finding suggests co-ordinated action of calcium, protein kinases, phosphatases and nitric oxide in abiotic stress signaling for TIA biosynthetic pathway in C. roseus.
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    cDNA-AFLP analysis reveals differential gene expression in response to salt stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)
    (Springer, 2008) Jayaraman, Ananthi; Puranik, Swati; Rai, Neeraj Kumar; Vidapu, Sudhakar; Sahu, Pranav Pankaj; Lata, Charu; Prasad, Manoj
    Plant growth and productivity are affected by various abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, cold, salinity, etc. The mechanism of salt tolerance is one of the most important subjects in plant science as salt stress decreases worldwide agricultural production. In our present study we used cDNA-AFLP technique to compare gene expression profiles of a salt tolerant and a salt-sensitive cultivar of foxtail millet (Seteria italica) in response to salt stress to identify early responsive differentially expressed transcripts accumulated upon salt stress and validate the obtained result through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression profile was compared between a salt tolerant (Prasad) and susceptible variety (Lepakshi) of foxtail millet in both control condition (L0 and P0) and after 1 h (L1 and P1) of salt stress. We identified 90 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) that are differentially expressed, out of which 86 TDFs were classified on the basis of their either complete presence or absence (qualitative variants) and 4 on differential expression pattern levels (quantitative variants) in the two varieties. Finally, we identified 27 non-redundant differentially expressed cDNAs that are unique to salt tolerant variety which represent different groups of genes involved in metabolism, cellular transport, cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, mRNA splicing, seed development and storage, etc. The expression patterns of seven out of nine such genes showed a significant increase of differential expression in tolerant variety after 1 h of salt stress in comparison to salt-sensitive variety as analyzed by qRT-PCR. The direct and indirect relationship of identified TDFs with salinity tolerance mechanism is discussed.