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    Targeted lipidome analysis reveals nutritionally enhanced foxtail millet genotypes across diverse grain colours
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2026) Ramesh, Palakurthi; Seni, Sushmita; Singh, Roshan Kumar; Pandey, Ashutosh; Prasad, Manoj
    Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), a small-grained cereal crop, is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fibers, and lipids, with lipid content ranging from 1–5% of the total grain composition. Whole grain is an excellent natural source of nutraceutical properties and health-beneficial components that significantly reduce chronic inflammation, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Different grain colours in foxtail millet are associated with distinct metabolome composition. However, the relationship between lipid composition and grain colour remains largely unexplored. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomic analysis of eight differently coloured foxtail millet grains led to the identification of 352 distinct metabolites. Among these, 44 metabolites were chemically classified into categories such as fatty acids, steroids, hydrocarbons, benzenes, monoradylglycerols, quinones, and hydroquinones. Linoleic acid was identified as the predominant fatty acid, while lutein emerged as the most abundant carotenoid across all accessions. Gene expression profiling of carotenoid biosynthesis genes revealed significant genotype-specific variations, with SiPSY1, SiPSY2, SiPSY3, SiZDS, SiLCYB, and SiLCYE exhibiting markedly higher expression in the golden yellow genotype SI 101. Furthermore, several unique compounds, including decane 1-iodo, dodecane 4, 6-dimethyl, hexadecane, heptadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dotriacontane, 2-methylhexacosane, hexatriacontane, squalene, tetrapentacontane, and tetracosane, were identified in foxtail millet grains. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolic diversity and the differential accumulation of bioactive compounds in among foxtail millet grains with different colours. The study also assists in selecting foxtail millet genotypes with desirable lipid traits for sustainable crop improvement.
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    Omega hydroxylated JA-Ile is an endogenous bioactive jasmonate that signals through the canonical jasmonate signaling pathway
    (Elsevier B.V., 2019) Jimenez-Aleman, Guillermo H.; Almeida-Trapp, Marilia; Fernández-Barbero, Gemma; Gimenez-Ibanez, Selena; Reichelt, Michael; Vadassery, Jyothilakshmi; Mithöfer, Axel; Caballero, Julio; Boland, Wilhelm; Solano, Roberto
    Jasmonates are fatty acid derivatives that control several plant processes including growth, development and defense. Despite the chemical diversity of jasmonates, only jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been clearly characterized as the endogenous ligand of the jasmonate co-receptors (COI1-JAZs) in higher plants. Currently, it is accepted that ω-hydroxylation of JA-Ile leads to inactivation of the molecule. This study shows that ω-hydroxylated JA-Ile (12-OH-JA-Ile) retains bioactivity and signals through the canonical JA-pathway. The results suggest that 12-OH-JA-Ile differentially activates a subset of JA-Ile co-receptors that may control and/or modulate particular jasmonate dependent responses. It is proposed that after a strong immune response mediated by JA-Ile, the ω-hydroxylated form modulates JA-Ile activated processes thereby improving plant resilience.
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    GC-MS-based analysis of methanol: chloroform-extracted fatty acids from plant tissues
    (Bio-protocol LLC., 2018) Patel, Manish Kumar; Das, Shubhashis; Thakur, Jitendra K.
    Fatty acids (FAs) are carboxylic acids with long aliphatic chains that may be straight, branched and saturated or unsaturated. Most of the naturally occurring plant FAs contains an even number of carbon (C4-C24). FAs are used in food and pharmacological industries due to their nutritional importance. In addition, FAs are considered as a promising alternative for the production of biodiesel from terrestrial plant biomass. To establish commercial applications, more reliable analytical methods are needed for the identification, quantification, and composition determination of FAs. Here, we describe a relatively rapid and sensitive method for the extraction, identification, and quantification of FAs from a small quantity of plant tissue. The method includes steps of lipid extraction, conversion of lipid to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by transmethylation, identification and quantification of FAMEs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this protocol, an internal standard is added prior to GC-MS analysis. The amount of each FA is calculated from its peak area relative to the peak area of the internal standard.