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    Targeted editing of multiple homologues of GTR1 and GTR2 genes provides the ideal low-seed, high-leaf glucosinolate oilseed mustard with uncompromised defence and yield
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2023) Mann, Avni; Kumari, Juhi; Kumar, Roshan; Kumar, Pawan; Pradhan, Akshay K.; Pental, Deepak; Bisht, Naveen C.
    Glucosinolate content in the two major oilseed Brassica crops-rapeseed and mustard has been reduced to the globally accepted Canola quality level (<30 μmoles/g of seed dry weight, DW), making the protein-rich seed meal useful as animal feed. However, the overall lower glucosinolate content in seeds as well as in the other parts of such plants renders them vulnerable to biotic challenges. We report CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of glucosinolate transporter (GTR) family genes in mustard (Brassica juncea) to develop ideal lines with the desired low seed glucosinolate content (SGC) while maintaining high glucosinolate levels in the other plant parts for uncompromised plant defence. Use of three gRNAs provided highly efficient and precise editing of four BjuGTR1 and six BjuGTR2 homologues leading to a reduction of SGC from 146.09 μmoles/g DW to as low as 6.21 μmoles/g DW. Detailed analysis of the GTR-edited lines showed higher accumulation and distributional changes of glucosinolates in the foliar parts. However, the changes did not affect the plant defence and yield parameters. When tested against the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and generalist pest Spodoptera litura, the GTR-edited lines displayed a defence response at par or better than that of the wild-type line. The GTR-edited lines were equivalent to the wild-type line for various seed yield and seed quality traits. Our results demonstrate that simultaneous editing of multiple GTR1 and GTR2 homologues in mustard can provide the desired low-seed, high-leaf glucosinolate lines with an uncompromised defence and yield.
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    Editorial: Genetics and genomics to enhance crop production, towards food security
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Kumar, Ajay; Mir, Reyazul Rouf; Sehgal, Deepmala; Agarwal, Pinky; Carter, Arron
    Twenty first century agriculture faces many challenges including new emerging abiotic and biotic stresses and decreasing arable land. These challenges pose serious threats to food security of an ever-increasing world population. One of the solutions to meet the food demands is to develop high-yielding crop varieties with greater genetic potential and resistance/tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Just like in mid-nineteenth century, when new genes and methods resulted in the first green revolution, there is a need to combine traditional plant breeding tools with new technologies to bring another green revolution for future food security.
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    Plant viral vectors: expanding the possibilities of precise gene editing in plant genomes
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2021) Kujur, Stuti; Senthil-Kumar, Muthappa; Kumar, Rahul
    The lack of a highly efficient method for delivering reagents for genome engineering to plant cells remains a bottleneck in achieving efficient gene editing in plant genomes. A suite of recent reports uncovers the newly emerged roles of viral vectors, which can introduce gene edits in plants with high mutation frequencies through in planta delivery. Here, we focus on the emerging protocols that utilized different approaches for virus-mediated genome editing in model plants. Testing of these protocols and the newly identified hypercompact Casɸ systems is needed to broaden the scope of genome editing in most plant species, including crops, with minimized reliance on conventional plant transformation methods in the future.
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    Emerging tools and paradigm shift of gene editing in cereals, fruits, and horticultural crops for enhancing nutritional value and food security
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2021) Tiwari, Manish; Trivedi, Prabodh Kumar; Pandey, Ashutosh
    Gene editing using sequence‐specific nucleases, particularly CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein, has drawn enormous attention in plant research in recent years. Nearly a decade ago, Cas9 protein was initially discovered for a role in adaptive immunity in bacteria. Owing to vast potential, a large number of reports came out in a short span of time, comprising the identification of Cas protein from different bacterial sources, new Cas9 variants with reduced off‐targets, multiplexing, base editing, prime editing, and RNA manipulation in plants. Studies revealed that CRISPR/Cas‐based gene editing can play a major role in ensuring food security via developing resilient commercial crops with improved yield and nutritional value. Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for creating mutation in genes and regulatory regions of promoter generated a number of alleles with variable phenotypes, which can serve as an excellent genetic resource in the breeding program. In this review, we provide a recent overview of state‐of‐art discoveries in the CRISPR/Cas system comprised of new Cas proteins, modifications of existing Cas9, refinements in CRISPR/Cas‐induced gene editing, applications, and outcome emphasizing on major cereals and horticultural crops. We also highlight the current global policy framework for the regulation of gene‐edited crops.
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    India needs genetic modification technology in agriculture
    (Indian Academy of Sciences, 2019) Datta, S.; Dhillon, B. S.; Gautam, P. L.; Karihaloo, J. L.; Mahadevappa, M.; Mayee, C. D.; Padmanaban, G.; Parida, A.; Paroda, R. S.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, T. R.; Singh, N. K.; Singh, R. B.; Sonti, Ramesh V.; Tyagi, Akhilesh K.; Varma, A.; Veluthambi, K.
    India does not have a clear stand on the release and consumption of genetically modified crops (food). The only approved crop is Bt-cotton, which has put India on the global map as a cotton exporting country. Even so, Bt-brinjal is under moratorium and GM mustard is prevented from undergoing commercial trial. All these decisions are not based on sound scientific principles. Activism against has successfully prevented exploitation of a powerful technology that can contribute to India’s food and nutrition security. This article attempts to give a balanced perspective of genetic modification technology as one of the serious options to be considered on case to case basis. Ambivalence will seriously affect India’s food security in the future.