Institutional Publications
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Item Plant responses to combined abiotic and biotic stresses(Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2026) Preethi, V; Senthil, A; Senthil-Kumar, Muthappa; Raveendran, M; Anitha, K; Boominathan, P; Johnson, I; Karthikeyan, RClimate change has increased the frequency of extreme weather events, leading to the widespread occurrence of various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and temperature. Abiotic challenges often coincide with biotic stresses including pathogen and pest infestations. The frequent occurrence of such stresses, either individually or in combination, hinders crop growth, development, yield and quality. Plants have evolved diverse physiological and molecular adaptations to safeguard themselves against various stresses. However, plant responses to combined biotic and abiotic stresses are more complex and variable than responses to individual stresses, due to the intricate interactions among signaling networks and defense pathways. A clear understanding of how abiotic stresses influence pest and disease incidence as well as their severity is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the effect of combined stresses. Despite progress in individual stresses, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the alterations in physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plants under combined stress conditions. This review aims to provide insights into plant responses to combined abiotic and biotic stress interactions and highlights the key morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, and presents recent case studies illustrating plant responses and effects under such combined stresses. In addition, this review highlights the integration of mechanistic insights with modern biotechnological and breeding strategies for enhancing plant tolerance to combined abiotic and biotic stresses. By providing a multi-dimensional framework that connects physiological, molecular, and computational analyses, it enables the identification of tolerant genotypes and serves as a comprehensive resource for plant breeders, molecular biologists, and agronomists to develop targeted strategies for improving crop resilience under combined stress conditions.Item Unmasking complexities of combined stresses for creating climate-smart crops(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Pandey, Prachi; Senthil-Kumar, MuthappaUnderstanding the complex challenges that plants face from multiple stresses is key to developing climate-ready crops. We highlight the significance of the Stress Combinations and their Interactions in Plants database (SCIPdb) for studying the impact of stress combinations on plants and the importance of aligning thematic research programs to create crops aligned with achieving sustainable development goals.Item Identifying the mechanistic basis to nitrogen responsiveness in two contrasting Setaria italica accessions(Oxford University Press, 2024) Bandyopadhyay, Tirthankar; Maurya, Jyoti; Bentley, Alison R; Griffiths, Howard; Swarbreck, Stéphanie M; Prasad, ManojNitrogen (N) is a macronutrient limiting crop productivity with varied requirements across species and genotypes. Understanding the mechanistic basis of N responsiveness by comparing contrasting genotypes could inform the development and selection of varieties with lower N demands, or inform agronomic practices to sustain yields with lower N inputs. Given the established role of millets in ensuring climate-resilient food and nutrition security, we investigated the physiological and genetic basis of nitrogen responsiveness in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). We had previously identified genotypic variants linked to N responsiveness, and here, we dissect the mechanistic basis of the trait by examining the physiological and molecular behaviour of N responsive (NRp-SI58) and non-responsive (NNRp-SI114) accessions at high and low N. Under high N, NRp-SI58 allocates significantly more biomass to nodes, internodes and roots, more N to developing grains, and is more effective at remobilising flag leaf N compared to NNRp-SI114. Post anthesis flag leaf gene expression suggests that differences in N induce much higher transcript abundance in NNRp-SI114 than NRp-SI58, a large proportion of which are potentially regulated by APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factors. Overall, the study provides novel insights into the regulation and manipulation of N responsiveness in S. italica.Item Progress and prospects of concurrent or combined stress studies in plants(John Wiley & Sons, 2021) Mahalingam, Ramamurthy; Pandey, Prachi; Senthil-Kumar, MuthappaPlants growing under field conditions are often exposed to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses occurring simultaneously or sequentially. Biotic stressors often interact with abiotic stressors at the plant interphase, which makes the impact of their combination on plants remarkably variable, though differing with order and intensity of stresses, as well as plant species and pathotypes. In this article, we examine the major abiotic stress combinations, as well as abiotic-biotic stress combinations, and physiological and molecular responses of plants to these combined stresses. Utilizing the available literature, information on the phenomic and transcriptomic response of plants to the combined abiotic and biotic stresses, and the cross-talk during signalling is reviewed. A succinct discussion on the scope and application of combined abiotic and biotic stress studies highlighting major gaps and novel avenues for further research is articulated.Item Arabidopsis target of rapamycin coordinates with transcriptional and epigenetic machinery to regulate thermotolerance(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Sharma, Mohan; Jamsheer, K.M.; Shukla, Brihaspati Narayan; Sharma, Manvi; Awasthi, Prakhar; Mahtha, Sanjeet Kumar; Yadav, Gitanjali; Laxmi, AshveryaGlobal warming exhibits profound effects on plant fitness and productivity. To withstand stress, plants sacrifice their growth and activate protective stress responses for ensuring survival. However, the switch between growth and stress is largely elusive. In the past decade, the role of the target of rapamycin (TOR) linking energy and stress signalling is emerging. Here, we have identified an important role of Glucose (Glc)-TOR signalling in plant adaptation to heat stress (HS). Glc via TOR governs the transcriptome reprogramming of a large number of genes involved in heat stress protection. Downstream to Glc-TOR, the E2Fa signalling module regulates the transcription of heat shock factors through direct recruitment of E2Fa onto their promoter regions. Also, Glc epigenetically regulates the transcription of core HS signalling genes in a TOR-dependent manner. TOR acts in concert with p300/CREB HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (HAC1) and dictates the epigenetic landscape of HS loci to regulate thermotolerance. Arabidopsis plants defective in TOR and HAC1 exhibited reduced thermotolerance with a decrease in the expression of core HS signalling genes. Together, our findings reveal a mechanistic framework in which Glc-TOR signalling through different modules integrates stress and energy signalling to regulate thermotolerance.Item Sensing and signalling in plant stress responses: ensuring sustainable food security in an era of climate change(John Wiley & Sons, 2020) Pareek, Ashwani; Joshi, Rohit; Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis; Singla-Pareek, Sneh L.; Foyer, Christine‘EMBO India Symposium ‘Sensing and signalling in plant stress response’ held in New Delhi, India, 15–17 April 2019 Agriculture in the 21stcentury faces multiple challenges from biotic and abiotic stresses, which impose major constraints on crop yield. Under field conditions, the combined or sequential occurrence of environmental stresses poses a serious threat to global food security. Plants exhibit plasticity in their responses to environmental stresses, which may be attributed to their genetic and/or epigenetic makeup. One of the major challenges facing plant biology today concerns how gene regulatory networks function to generate morphological and adaptive diversity. Gaining a better understanding of the responses of crop plants to environmental stresses will allow the identification of improved genetic markers to increase yield stability and enhance productivity over a wide range of growth conditions. The availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies provides an opportunity to uncover the genetic/epigenetic basis of plant stress responses and adaptation. Furthermore, dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying resilience will help us understand how plants cope with extreme environmental conditions, and ultimately lead to the development of climatesmart crops. Understanding the sensing and signalling mechanisms that plants use to perceive and respond appropriately to stress is crucial for the development of stress-resistant crops using current strategies and technologies.Item Does the alternative respiratory pathway offer protection against the adverse effects resulting from climate change?(Oxford University Press, 2020) Florez-Sarasa, Igor; Fernie, Alisdair R; Gupta, Kapuganti JagadisElevated greenhouse gases (GHG) induce adverse conditions directly and indirectly causing decreases in plant productivity. To deal with climate change effects, plants have developed various mechanisms including the fine-tuning of metabolism. Plant respiratory metabolism is highly flexible due to presence of various alternative pathways. The mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) respiratory pathway is responsive to these changes and several lines of evidence suggest it plays a role in reducing excesses of ROS and RNS while providing metabolic flexibility under stress. Here we discuss the importance of the AOX pathway in dealing with elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3) and the main abiotic stresses induced by climate change. Recent advances in our understanding concerning the in vivo regulation of AOX and its structural properties suggest that novel AOXs with altered regulatory properties could be used in future gene editing strategies. We suggest that fine-tune modulation of the regulatory properties of AOX and targeting its expression in different plant tissues could improve plant growth and productivity under climate change conditions promoted by elevated GHG. Moreover, we also emphasise the need of extensive study on the interactive effects of major global change factors on AOX respiration and the importance of studies differentiating between the roles of AOX in sink versus source tissues under field conditions in order to improve plant productivity in response to elevated GHG.Item Application of genomics-assisted breeding for generation of climate resilient crops: progress and prospects(Frontiers Media S.A., 2015) Kole, Chittaranjan; Muthamilarasan, Mehanathan; Henry, Robert; Edwards, David; Sharma, Rishu; Abberton, Michael; Batley, Jacqueline; Bentley, Alison; Blakeney, Michael; Bryant, John; Cai, Hongwei; Cakir, Mehmet; Cseke, Leland J.; Cockram, James; Oliveira, Antonio Costa de; Pace, Ciro De; Dempewolf, Hannes; Ellison, Shelby; Gepts, Paul; Greenland, Andy; Hall, Anthony; Hori, Kiyosumi; Hughes, Stephen; Humphreys, Mike W.; Iorizzo, Massimo; Ismail, Abdelbagi M.; Marshall, Athole; Mayes, Sean; Nguyen, Henry T.; Ogbonnaya, Francis C.; Ortiz, Rodomiro; Paterson, Andrew H.; Simon, Philipp W.; Tohme, Joe; Tuberosa, Roberto; Valliyodan, Babu; Varshney, Rajeev K.; Wullschleger, Stan D.; Yano, Masahiro; Prasad, ManojClimate change affects agricultural productivity worldwide. Increased prices of food commodities are the initial indication of drastic edible yield loss, which is expected to increase further due to global warming. This situation has compelled plant scientists to develop climate change-resilient crops, which can withstand broad-spectrum stresses such as drought, heat, cold, salinity, flood, submergence and pests, thus helping to deliver increased productivity. Genomics appears to be a promising tool for deciphering the stress responsiveness of crop species with adaptation traits or in wild relatives toward identifying underlying genes, alleles or quantitative trait loci. Molecular breeding approaches have proven helpful in enhancing the stress adaptation of crop plants, and recent advances in high-throughput sequencing and phenotyping platforms have transformed molecular breeding to genomics-assisted breeding (GAB). In view of this, the present review elaborates the progress and prospects of GAB for improving climate change resilience in crops, which is likely to play an ever increasing role in the effort to ensure global food security.Item Transcription factors: modulating plant adaption in the scenario of changing climate(Springer, 2013) Puranik, Swati; Prasad, ManojClimate change and the associated environmental constraints have created a challenge to sustain food security and biodiversity globally. The response to adverse environments is a complex process and plants integrate several approaches that allow them to withstand climatic restraints, depending on the timing and length. Changes at the transcriptional level of various genes transduce cellular signals for the synthesis of necessary metabolites. Transcription factors have the principal role for the efficient adaptation capacity of the plants, and present an attractive target category for manipulation and gene regulation. As many biological processes in plants are regulated at the level of transcription, understanding transcription factor function is an important step towards understanding plant responses to environmental conditions. Among them, numerous transcription factors belonging to several large transcription factor families, such as AP2/ERF, bZIP, MYB, MYC, Cys2His2 zinc finger, WRKY, and NAC, have been shown as stress-responsive proteins. They act both by an abscisic acid-dependent and -independent manner, and through their interaction with respective cis-elements of their target genes, play crucial roles in recuperating plant stress tolerance. We highlight the considerable biotechnological progress made towards understanding the molecular stress responses of plants using important transcription factor families. The progress of their practical and application value in crop improvement through genetic engineering is also discussed.