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    The Sw5a gene confers resistance to ToLCNDV and triggers an HR response after direct AC4 effector recognition
    (PNAS, USA, 2021) Sharma, Namisha; Sahu, Pranav Pankaj; Prasad, Ashish; Muthamilarasan, Mehanathan; Waseem, Mohd; Khan, Yusuf; Thakur, Jitendra K.; Chakraborty, Supriya; Prasad, Manoj
    Several attempts have been made to identify antiviral genes against Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and related viruses. This has led to the recognition of Ty genes (Ty1-Ty6), which have been successful in developing virus-resistant crops to some extent. Owing to the regular appearance of resistance-breaking strains of these viruses, it is important to identify genes related to resistance. In the present study, we identified a ToLCNDV resistance (R) gene, SlSw5a, in a ToLCNDV-resistant tomato cultivar, H-88-78-1, which lacks the known Ty genes. The expression of SlSw5a is controlled by the transcription factor SlMyb33, which in turn is regulated by microRNA159 (sly-miR159). Virus-induced gene silencing of either SlSw5a or SlMyb33 severely increases the disease symptoms and viral titer in leaves of resistant cultivar. Moreover, in SlMyb33-silenced plants, the relative messenger RNA level of SlSw5a was reduced, suggesting SlSw5a is downstream of the sly-miR159-SlMyb33 module. We also demonstrate that SlSw5a interacts physically with ToLCNDV-AC4 (viral suppressor of RNA silencing) to trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) and generate reactive oxygen species at infection sites to limit the spread of the virus. The "RTSK" motif in the AC4 C terminus is important for the interaction, and its mutation completely abolishes the interaction with Sw5a and HR elicitation. Overall, our research reports an R gene against ToLCNDV and establishes a connection between the upstream miR159-Myb33 module and its downstream target Sw5a to activate HR in the tomato, resulting in geminivirus resistance.
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    Silencing of tomato CTR1 provides enhanced tolerance against Tomato leaf curl virus infection
    (Taylor & Francis Group, 2019) Chandan, Ravindra K.; Singh, Achuit K.; Patel, Sunita; Swain, Durga Madhab; Tuteja, Narendra; Jha, Gopaljee
    Tomato leaf curl virus(ToLCV) belonging to Begomovirus family of Geminivirus is known to cause one of the most destructive diseases in tomato. Amongst variousToLCVs, a monopartite Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJoV) is most prevalent in eastern part of India. In the present study, we observed induced expression of one of the negative regulators of ethylene signaling pathway gene (LeCTR1)in ToLCJoVinfected plants. TheTobacco rattle virus(TRV) induced silencing of theLeCTR1gene provided enhanced tolerance toToLCJoVinfections. The leaf curling as well as ROS accumulation was significantly reduced in the viral infectedLeCTR1silenced plants. Induction of several defense marker genes (NPR1, PR1, PR5, AOS2, EIN2, EIN3and ERF5) reinforced enhanced tolerance againstToLCJoVinfection in the LeCTR1silenced tomato. Overall, the present study provides evidence that silencing ofLeCTR1can be deployed to protect tomato fromToLCJoVinfections.