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    Assessing cold stress resilience in wild chickpea accessions using physiological, biochemical, and reproductive traits
    (Springer Nature, 2025) Kaur, Sarbjeet; Padhiar, Deeksha; Singh, Mohar; Parida, Swarup K.; Jha, Uday C.; Sharma, Kamal Dev; Prasad, P. V. Vara; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.; Nayyar, Harsh
    Domesticated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) exhibits high sensitivity to temperatures below 20/10 °C during its reproductive phase resulting in substantial loss of flowers, pods and crop yields. With the aim to add new sources of cold tolerance and elucidate mechanism of cold-tolerance in wild species of chickpea, the present study evaluated 36 wild accessions of three Cicer species (Cicer judaicum, Cicer pinnatifidum, Cicer reticulatum) at the reproductive stage for yield, and reproductive, physiological and biochemical traits under cold stress (15/7 °C) for two consecutive years. Cluster analysis based on yield-related traits such as pod number, seed weight, and total seed count categorized these accessions as cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive. Six C. judaicum accessions (ILWC 256, ICC 13852, ILWC 263, ILWC 20, ILWC 223, and ILWC 30) were tolerant to cold whereas the remaining ones were cold-sensitive. Under cold stress, cold-tolerant accessions exhibited lower impairment of physiological processes as compared to the cold-sensitive accessions e.g. lower tissue damage and electrolyte leakage, and higher chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf water content, thereby resulting in higher photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate accumulation in cold-tolerant accessions. At the biochemical level, the tolerant accessions demonstrated significantly higher amounts of cryoprotectants and enhanced activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants resulting in substantially lower levels of reactive oxygen species. Cold-tolerant accessions also accumulated more proline and trehalose compared to their sensitive counterparts. Slight disruptions in physiological processes, low oxidative stress and accumulation of cryoprotectants under cold stress were associated with higher pollen viability, pollen germination, pollen load, ovule receptivity, pod set, number of pods and seed yield in cold-tolerant accessions while opposite was true for cold-sensitive accessions. The wild chickpea accessions exhibiting high seed yield under cold stress are promising candidates for breeding programs aimed at cold tolerance.
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    Heavy metal stress in rice: uptake, transport, signaling and tolerance mechanisms
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2021) Kaur, Ravneet; Das, Susmita; Bansal, Sakshi; Singh, Gurbir; Sardar, Shaswati; Dhar, Hena; Ram, Hasthi
    Heavy metal contamination of agricultural fields has become a global concern as it causes a direct impact on human health. Rice is the major food crop for almost half of the world population and is grown under diverse environmental conditions, including heavy metal-contaminated soil. In recent years, the impact of heavy metal contamination on rice yield and grain quality has been shown through multiple approaches. In this review article, different aspects of heavy metal stress, i.e. uptake, transport, signalling and tolerance mechanisms, are comprehensively discussed with special emphasis on rice. For uptake, some of the transporters have specificity to one or two metal ions, whereas many other transporters are able to transport many different ions. After uptake, the intercellular signalling is mediated through different signaling pathways involving the regulation of various hormones, alteration of calcium levels and the activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein kinases. Heavy metal stress signals from various intermediate molecules activate various transcription factors, which triggers the expression of various antioxidant enzymes. Activated antioxidant enzymes then scavenge various reactive oxygen species, which eventually leads to stress tolerance in plants. Non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbate, metalloids and even metal-binding peptides (metallothionein and phytochelatin) can also help to reduce metal toxicity in plants. Genetic engineering has been successfully used in rice and many other crops to increase metal tolerance and reduce heavy metals accumulation. A comprehensive understanding of uptake, transport, signalling and tolerance mechanisms will help to grow rice plants in agricultural fields with less heavy metal accumulation in grains.
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    Millets genetic engineering: the progress made and prospects for the future
    (Springer Nature, 2019) Sood, Priyanka; Singh, Roshan Kumar; Prasad, Manoj
    Sustaining yield gains of grain legume crops under growing salt-stressed conditions demands a thorough understanding of plant salinity response and more efficient breeding techniques that effectively integrate modern omics knowledge. Grain legume crops are important to global food security being an affordable source of dietary protein and essential mineral nutrients to human population, especially in the developing countries. The global productivity of grain legume crops is severely challenged by the salinity stress particularly in the face of changing climates coupled with injudicious use of irrigation water and improper agricultural land management. Plants adapt to sustain under salinity-challenged conditions through evoking complex molecular mechanisms. Elucidating the underlying complex mechanisms remains pivotal to our knowledge about plant salinity response. Improving salinity tolerance of plants demand enriching cultivated gene pool of grain legume crops through capitalizing on 'adaptive traits' that contribute to salinity stress tolerance. Here, we review the current progress in understanding the genetic makeup of salinity tolerance and highlight the role of germplasm resources and omics advances in improving salt tolerance of grain legumes. In parallel, scope of next generation phenotyping platforms that efficiently bridge the phenotyping-genotyping gap and latest research advances including epigenetics is also discussed in context to salt stress tolerance. Breeding salt-tolerant cultivars of grain legumes will require an integrated "omics-assisted" approach enabling accelerated improvement of salt-tolerance traits in crop breeding programs.
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    Salinity stress response and 'omics' approaches for improving salinity stress tolerance in major grain legumes
    (Springer Nature, 2019) Jha, Uday Chand; Bohra, Abhishek; Jha, Rintu; Parida, Swarup K.
    Key message Sustaining yield gains of grain legume crops under growing salt-stressed conditions demands a thorough understanding of plant salinity response and more efficient breeding techniques that effectively integrate modern omics knowledge. Abstract Grain legume crops are important to global food security being an affordable source of dietary protein and essential mineral nutrients to human population, especially in the developing countries. The global productivity of grain legume crops is severely challenged by the salinity stress particularly in the face of changing climates coupled with injudicious use of irrigation water and improper agricultural land management. Plants adapt to sustain under salinity-challenged conditions through evoking complex molecular mechanisms. Elucidating the underlying complex mechanisms remains pivotal to our knowledge about plant salinity response. Improving salinity tolerance of plants demand enriching cultivated gene pool of grain legume crops through capitalizing on ‘adaptive traits’ that contribute to salinity stress tolerance. Here, we review the current progress in understanding the genetic makeup of salinity tolerance and highlight the role of germplasm resources and omics advances in improving salt tolerance of grain legumes. In parallel, scope of next generation phenotyping platforms that efficiently bridge the phenotyping–genotyping gap and latest research advances including epigenetics is also discussed in context to salt stress tolerance. Breeding salt-tolerant cultivars of grain legumes will require an integrated “omics-assisted” approach enabling accelerated improvement of salt-tolerance traits in crop breeding programs.