Institutional Publications
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Item Abiotic stress impact on the interaction between Macrophomina phaseolina and crop plants(Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2024) Ranjan, Shubhashish; Mirchandani, Rishabh; Senthil-Kumar, MuthappaMacrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid is an emerging pathogen that causes diseases like dry root rot and charcoal rot in more than 100 plant families. Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heat exacerbate this fungal effect and predispose crops to pathogen attacks. Importantly, these combined stresses lead to significant crop yield losses under field conditions. In this, we review the interaction between the devastating pathogen M. phaseolina and several abiotic stresses that are more likely to occur in scenarios of climate change. Drought, heat, and salinity are the major stresses that interact with M. phaseolina in the field. We discuss several field studies, unique physiological and molecular responses, and their mechanisms of control in response to combined stress. The net effect of these interactions depends on a multitude of factors; thus, these interactions modify the impact of biotic stresses on plants by altering their susceptibility. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of what is currently known about M. phaseolina and abiotic stress interactions, as well as several other edaphic factors that interact with plants. We briefly discuss the role of drought, salinity, heat stress, and edaphic factors (such as pH, N, P, K, etc.) that influence pathogen infection in plants. Furthermore, we discuss possible management strategies to combat crop loss due to combined stress. Thus, we suggest the future aspect of combined stress breeding, along with the use of multi-omics techniques and genome editing approaches, to develop cultivars that exhibit stability in a combined stress environment.Item Expression of TaNCL2-A ameliorates cadmium toxicity by increasing calcium and enzymatic antioxidants activities in arabidopsis(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Shumayla; Tyagi, Shivi; Sharma, Yashraaj; Madhu; Sharma, Alok; Pandey, Ashutosh; Singh, Kashmir; Upadhyay, Santosh KumarCadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment and is toxic to both animals and plants. The impact of Cd toxicity is shown to be reduced by the exogenous application of calcium (Ca) in crop plants. The sodium/calcium exchanger-like (NCL) protein is involved in Ca enrichment in the cytoplasm by transporting it from the vacuole in the exchange of cytosolic sodium (Na). However, it has not been utilized to ameliorate the Cd toxicity, to date. An elevated expression of TaNCL2-A gene in the root and shoot tissues of bread wheat seedlings, and a higher growth rate of recombinant yeast cells, suggested its role in Cd stress response. The TaNCL2-A expressing transgenic Arabidopsis lines exhibited significant Cd tolerance with increased Ca (∼10-fold) accumulation. The proline content and antioxidant enzymes activities were increased while oxidative stress-related molecules such as H2O2 and MDA were reduced in the transgenic lines. In addition, the growth and yield parameters of transgenic lines such as seed germination rate, root length, leaf biomass, leaf area index, rosette diameter, leaf length and width, and silique count, along with various physiological indicators like chlorophyll, carotenoid, and relative water contents were also improved in comparison to the control plants. Further, the transgenic lines exhibited significant salinity and osmotic stress tolerance, as well. Taken together, these results suggested that the TaNCL2-A could mitigate Cd toxicity along with salinity and osmotic stress. This gene may also be utilized for phytoremediation and Cd sequestration in future studies.Item Decarboxylation mechanisms of the C4 cycle in foxtail millet observed under salt and selenium treatments(Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2023) Shah, Wasifa Hafiz; Rasool, Aadil; Padder, Sajad Ahmad; Singh, Roshan Kumar; Prasad, Manoj; Tahir, Inayatullah; Rehman, Reiaz ul; Hakeem, Khalid RehmanFoxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), a millet with a smaller genome and shorter life cycle, growing in arid and semi-arid areas, is severely affected by salt stress with reduced biomass and yield. In this study, we report that salt stress poses deleterious effects on foxtail millet and in response foxtail millet shows flexibility in terms of decarboxylation under salt stress conditions. Our results indicate a significant increase in enzymatic activities as well as the expression levels of genes encoding NADP-Malic Enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-Malic Enzyme (NAD-ME), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), NADP-Malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), NAD-Malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH), Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) under salt stress. Thereby, suggesting that foxtail millet switches to mixed mode of decarboxylation mechanisms for better adaptability under salt stress. We also report that lower doses of selenium (Se) alleviated the effects of salinity. 1 µM Se supplementation enhanced the activity and gene expression of NADP-ME, NAD-ME, NADP-MDH, NAD-MDH and AlaAT. The gene expression and the activity of ATP-dependent PEPCK and AspAT were reduced by Se, making the process more energy-efficient. Hence, suggests that Se alleviated the deleterious effects of salinity by enhancing the mixed mode of decarboxylation in energy-efficient way.Item A bHLH transcription factor, MYC2, imparts salt intolerance by regulating proline biosynthesis in Arabidopsis(John Wiley & Sons, 2020) Verma, Deepanjali; Jalmi, Siddhi Kashinath; Bhagat, Prakash Kumar; Verma, Neetu; Sinha, Alok KrishnaMYC2, a bHLH TF, acts as regulatory hub within several signaling pathways by integration of various endogenous and exogenous signals which shape plant growth and development. However, its involvement in salt stress regulation is still elusive. This study has deciphered a novel role of MYC2 in imparting salt stress intolerance by regulating P5CS1 gene and hence proline synthesis. P5CS1 is a rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of proline. Y‐1‐H and EMSA studies confirmed the binding of MYC2 with the 5’ UTR region of P5CS1. Transcript and biochemical studies have revealed MYC2 as a negative regulator of proline biosynthesis. Proline is necessary for imparting tolerance towards abiotic stress however, its overaccumulation is toxic for the plants. Hence studying the regulation of proline biosynthesis is requisite to understand the mechanism of stress tolerance. We have also studied that MYC2 is regulated by MAPK cascade MKK3‐MPK6 and vice versa. Altogether, this study demonstrates salt stress mediated activation of MYC2 by MAPK cascade, regulating proline biosynthesis and thus salt stress.Item CRISPR-Cas9 directed genome engineering for enhancing salt stress tolerance in rice(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Farhat, Sufia; Jain, Neha; Singh, Nisha; Sreevathsa, Rohini; Dash, Prasanta K.; Rai, Rhitu; Yadav, Sandeep; Kumar, Pramod; Sarkar, Ananda K.; Jain, Ajay; Singh, Nagendra K.; Rai, VandnaCrop productivity in rice is harshly limited due to high concentration of salt in the soil. To understand the intricacies of the mechanism it is important to unravel the key pathways operating inside the plant cell. Emerging state-of-the art technologies have provided the tools to discover the key components inside the plant cell for salt tolerance. Among the molecular entities, transcription factors and/or other important components of sensing and signaling cascades have been the attractive targets and the role of NHX and SOS1 transporters amply described. Not only marker assisted programs but also transgenic approaches by using reverse genetic strategies (knockout or knockdown) or overexpression have been extensively used to engineer rice crop. CRISPR/Cas is an attractive paradigm and provides the feasibility for manipulating several genes simultaneously. Here, in this review we highlight some of the molecular entities that could be potentially targeted for generating rice amenable to sustain growth under high salinity conditions by employing CRISPR/Cas. We also try to address key questions for rice salt stress tolerance other than what is already known.Item Millets genetic engineering: the progress made and prospects for the future(Springer Nature, 2019) Sood, Priyanka; Singh, Roshan Kumar; Prasad, ManojSustaining yield gains of grain legume crops under growing salt-stressed conditions demands a thorough understanding of plant salinity response and more efficient breeding techniques that effectively integrate modern omics knowledge. Grain legume crops are important to global food security being an affordable source of dietary protein and essential mineral nutrients to human population, especially in the developing countries. The global productivity of grain legume crops is severely challenged by the salinity stress particularly in the face of changing climates coupled with injudicious use of irrigation water and improper agricultural land management. Plants adapt to sustain under salinity-challenged conditions through evoking complex molecular mechanisms. Elucidating the underlying complex mechanisms remains pivotal to our knowledge about plant salinity response. Improving salinity tolerance of plants demand enriching cultivated gene pool of grain legume crops through capitalizing on 'adaptive traits' that contribute to salinity stress tolerance. Here, we review the current progress in understanding the genetic makeup of salinity tolerance and highlight the role of germplasm resources and omics advances in improving salt tolerance of grain legumes. In parallel, scope of next generation phenotyping platforms that efficiently bridge the phenotyping-genotyping gap and latest research advances including epigenetics is also discussed in context to salt stress tolerance. Breeding salt-tolerant cultivars of grain legumes will require an integrated "omics-assisted" approach enabling accelerated improvement of salt-tolerance traits in crop breeding programs.Item Salinity stress response and 'omics' approaches for improving salinity stress tolerance in major grain legumes(Springer Nature, 2019) Jha, Uday Chand; Bohra, Abhishek; Jha, Rintu; Parida, Swarup K.Key message Sustaining yield gains of grain legume crops under growing salt-stressed conditions demands a thorough understanding of plant salinity response and more efficient breeding techniques that effectively integrate modern omics knowledge. Abstract Grain legume crops are important to global food security being an affordable source of dietary protein and essential mineral nutrients to human population, especially in the developing countries. The global productivity of grain legume crops is severely challenged by the salinity stress particularly in the face of changing climates coupled with injudicious use of irrigation water and improper agricultural land management. Plants adapt to sustain under salinity-challenged conditions through evoking complex molecular mechanisms. Elucidating the underlying complex mechanisms remains pivotal to our knowledge about plant salinity response. Improving salinity tolerance of plants demand enriching cultivated gene pool of grain legume crops through capitalizing on ‘adaptive traits’ that contribute to salinity stress tolerance. Here, we review the current progress in understanding the genetic makeup of salinity tolerance and highlight the role of germplasm resources and omics advances in improving salt tolerance of grain legumes. In parallel, scope of next generation phenotyping platforms that efficiently bridge the phenotyping–genotyping gap and latest research advances including epigenetics is also discussed in context to salt stress tolerance. Breeding salt-tolerant cultivars of grain legumes will require an integrated “omics-assisted” approach enabling accelerated improvement of salt-tolerance traits in crop breeding programs.Item Over-expression of a rice tau class glutathione S-transferase gene improves tolerance to salinity and oxidative stresses in Arabidopsis(PLOS, 2014) Sharma, Raghvendra; Sahoo, Annapurna; Devendran, Ragunathan; Jain, MukeshGlutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional proteins encoded by large gene family in plants, which play important role in cellular detoxification of several endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds. Previously, we suggested the diverse roles of rice GST gene family members in plant development and various stress responses based on their differential expression. In this study, we report the functional characterization of a rice tau class GST gene, OsGSTU4. OsGSTU4 fusion protein was found to be localized in nucleus and cytoplasm. The over-expression of OsGSTU4 in E. coli resulted in better growth and higher GST activity under various stress conditions. Further, we raised over-expression transgenic Arabidopsis plants to reveal its in planta function. These transgenic lines showed reduced sensitivity towards plant hormones, auxin and abscisic acid. Various analyses revealed improved tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants towards salinity and oxidative stresses, which may be attributed to the lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced GST activity. In addition, microarray analysis revealed up-regulation of several genes involved in stress responses and cellular detoxification processes in the transgenic plants as compared to wild-type. These results suggest that OsGSTU4 can be used as a good candidate for the generation of stress-tolerant crop plants.Item Analysis of a salinity induced BjSOS3 protein from Brassica indicate it to be structurally and functionally related to its ortholog from Arabidopsis(Elsevier, 2011) Kushwaha, Hemant R.; Kumar, Gautam; Verma, Praveen K.; Singla-Pareek, Sneh L.; Pareek, AshwaniArabidopsis has been a favorite model system for plant biologist. It is anticipated that comparative analysis of this plant with other members of Brassicaceae may aid in identification of orthologs playing role as key genetic determinants for salinity response. In this endeavor, we have recently identified SOS family members from Brassica juncea in our laboratory and reported their salinity responsive transcriptional induction in seedlings of various diploid and amphidiploids species. In the present study, we have carried out detailed time kinetics for BjSOS3 expression in a salinity tolerant B. juncea var. CS52. Transcript analysis at the sensitive growth stages of plants viz. seedling and reproductive stage indicated clear differential transcriptional regulation of BjSOS3 under non-induced as well as salinity induced conditions in a time and organ specific manner, mirroring their respective tolerance physiology. Similar to its ortholog from Arabidopsis thaliana, the modeled BjSOS3 protein show typical features of a Ca(2+) binding protein with four conserved EF-hands. We have also attempted to study the binding of SOS3 protein with the modeled SOS2 protein. It has been established that SOS3 protein senses Ca(2+) though the binding is very weak; we show the down regulation of BjSOS3 mRNA in presence of calcium chelator - EGTA under the various stress conditions including ABA. In situ localization of BjSOS3-GFP fusion protein in onion peel has shown its presence strongly in plasma membrane as well as cytosol. The leads presented in the paper will assist in understanding and establishing the SOS signaling machinery in B. juncea.