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    Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6 regulates the stability of AtIAA3 and AtIAA7 during auxin signaling in Arabidopsis
    (Elsevier B.V., 2026) Noryang, Stanzin; Manna, Mrinalini; Verma, Neetu; Singh, Kirti; Tayyeba, Sumaira; Sinha, Alok Krishna
    Auxin mediated Aux/IAA degradation is required to release the ARFs from the control of IAAs, and ARFs in the free forms perform their role of transcription activation or suppression in response to developmental ques. Auxin is known to tag IAAs for proteasomal degradation, but how this tagging is regulated has not been widely explored. Here we report that, in Arabidopsis, exogenous application of auxin activates MPK3/6 which in turn phosphorylate IAA3 and IAA7 at Ser-58 and Ser-26, respectively. Further, incubation of IAA3 and IAA7 with the protein extracts from auxin treated mpk3 or mpk6 single mutants increase the rate of degradation of IAAs. Consequently, the phospho-null mutants, IAA3S58A and IAA7S26A were observed to be comparatively more stable. Thus, MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation destabilised IAA3 and IAA7 leading to their degradation. Additionally, over-expression of the phospho-dead mutant of IAA3 (35S:IAA3S58A) and complementation of iaa3 mutant with this phospho-dead mutant resulted in reduced primary root length because of increased stability and accumulation of IAA3. Interestingly, we found that a member of ARF, ARF7 regulated the expression of MPKs by binding to their respective promoters.
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    Emerging role of phospholipase C mediated lipid signaling in abiotic stress tolerance and development in plants
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2021) Sagar, Sushma; Singh, Amarjeet
    Environmental stimuli are primarily perceived at the plasma membrane. Stimuli perception leads to membrane disintegration and generation of molecules which trigger lipid signaling. In plants, lipid signaling regulates important biological functions however, the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Phospholipases C (PLCs) are important lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. In animals, PLCs by hydrolyzing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol- 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). However, in plants their phosphorylated variants i.e., phosphatidic acid (PA) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are proposed to mediate lipid signaling. Specifc substrate preferences divide PLCs into phosphatidylinositol–PLC (PI–PLC) and non-specifc PLCs (NPC). PLC activity is regulated by various cellular factors including, calcium (Ca2+) concentration, phospholipid substrate, and post-translational modifcations. Both PI–PLCs and NPCs are implicated in plants’ response to stresses and development. Emerging evidences show that PLCs regulate structural and developmental features, like stomata movement, microtubule organization, membrane remodelling and root development under abiotic stresses. Thus, crucial insights are provided into PLC mediated regulatory mechanism of abiotic stress responses in plants. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of plant PLCs. In addition, cellular and physiological roles of PLCs in abiotic stresses, phosphorus defciency, aluminium toxicity, pollen tube growth, and root development are discussed.
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    Role of abiotic stress responsive miRNAs in Arabidopsis root development
    (Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2020) Singh, Archita; Gandhi, Nidhi; Mishra, Vishnu; Yadav, Sandeep; Rai, Vandna; Sarkar, Ananda K.
    Abiotic stresses like drought, extreme temperature, and lack of sufficient water or nutrients adversely affect plant growth and productivity. The physiological responses of higher plants to the environmental stresses are largely influenced by the root system, which can quickly modulate its developmental pattern under changing water, nutrient, and temperature, as an adaptive response. Protein coding genes, phytohormones and microRNAs (miRNAs) are among the key players which imparts crucial intrinsic role in shaping the root development and its environment adaptive growth pattern. Among these factors, miRNAs belong to a class of small non-coding RNAs of 21–24 nucleotides in length, which regulates various aspects of plant growth and development by negatively regulating their target genes through either transcriptional cleavage or translational inhibition. Although many miRNAs have been identified to be differentially regulated under various abiotic stress conditions, only a limited number of them have been characterized, due to the complex nature of its regulation. However, some of the miRNAs, such as miR156, miR165/166, miR169 etc., have recently been shown to be involved in both abiotic stress response and root development, indicating the diverse role of miRNA mediated gene regulation. The field of miRNA mediated gene regulation is dynamically expanding and more miRNAs are being characterized for their function. Current review focuses on miRNAs that are differentially regulated by major abiotic stresses as well as are involved in root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. We highlight their role in regulation of multiple and diverse aspects of developmental and physiological processes in Arabidopsis.
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    Review: Emerging roles of brassinosteroid in nutrient foraging
    (Elsevier B.V., 2020) Pandey, Anshika; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar Pal
    Brassinosteroids (BRs) are well-characterized growth hormones that are critical for plant growth, development, and productivity. Genetic and molecular studies have revealed the key components of BR biosynthesis and signaling pathways. The membrane-localized BR signaling receptor, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) binds directly to its ligand and initiates series of signaling events that led to the activation of BR transcriptional regulators, BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1) and BRI1-ETHYL METHANESULFONATE-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1/BZR2) to regulate the cellular processes. Insights from Arabidopsis research revealed tissue and cell typespecific roles of BR in controlling cell elongation and maintenance of stem cell niche in roots. More recently, BRs have gained much attention in regulating the root growth during nutrient deficiency such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron. Differential distribution of nutrients in the rhizosphere alters BR hormone levels and signaling to reprogram spatial distribution of root system architecture (RSA) such as a change in primary root growth, lateral root numbers, length, and angle, root hair formation and elongation. These morpho-physiological changes in RSA are also known as an adaptive root trait or foraging response of the plant. In this review, we highlight the role of BRs in regulating RSA to increase root foraging response during fluctuating nutrient availability.
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    Plant small RNAs: advancement in the understanding of biogenesis and role in plant development
    (Springer Nature, 2018) Singh, Archita; Gautam, Vibhav; Singh, Sharmila; Das, Shabari Sarkar; Verma, Swati; Mishra, Vishnu; Mukherjee, Shalini; Sarkar, Ananda K.
    Main conclusion: Present review addresses the advances made in the understanding of biogenesis of plant small RNAs and their role in plant development. We discuss the elaborate role of microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) in various aspects of plant growth and development and highlight relevance of small RNA mobility. Small non-coding RNAs regulate various aspects of plant development. Small RNAs (sRNAs) of 21–24 nucleotide length are derived from double-stranded RNAs through the combined activity of several biogenesis and processing components. These sRNAs function by negatively regulating the expression of target genes. miRNAs and ta-siRNAs constitute two important classes of endogenous small RNAs in plants, which play important roles in plant growth and developmental processes like embryogenesis, organ formation and patterning, shoot and root growth, and reproductive development. Biogenesis of miRNAs is a multistep process which includes transcription, processing and modifcation, and their loading onto RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC-loaded miRNAs carry out post-transcriptional silencing of their target(s). Recent studies identifed orthologues of diferent biogenesis components of novel and conserved small RNAs from diferent model plants. Although many small RNAs have been identifed from diverse plant species, only a handful of them have been functionally characterized. In this review, we discuss the advances made in understanding the biogenesis, functional conservation/divergence in miRNA-mediated gene regulation, and the developmental role of small RNAs in diferent plant species.
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    Role of miRNAs in root development of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana
    (Springer, 2017) Gautam, Vibhav; Singh, Archita; Verma, Swati; Kumar, Ashutosh; Kumar, Pramod; Mahima; Singh, Sharmila; Mishra, Vishnu; Sarkar, Ananda K.
    The molecular regulation of root development is relatively well studied in model plant Arabidopsis as compared to other plants. Besides phytohormones, transcription factors and environmental factors, other important regulators which have recently been shown to play crucial roles in controlling root development are the non-coding RNAs. Small non-coding RNAs of 21–24 nt length (miRNAs and ta-siRNAs) regulate various aspects of plant development by negatively regulating their target genes through transcript cleavage or translational inhibition. In recent past the microRNA-mediated regulation of root development has drawn significant interest in the area of plant research. Several reports have highlighted the role of many miRNAs and ta-siRNAs in root growth, vascular patterning, lateral root (LR) formation and elongation, and adventitious root development, Phytohormones like auxin, cytokinin and environmental factors like light, abiotic and biotic stresses, and nutrient availability influence many miRNA-mediated regulation of root growth and branching. In current review, we summarize the recent advances made in understanding the miRNA-mediated regulation of root development in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular crosstalk between different miRNAs, ta-siRNAs, and concerned target genes that regulate root growth and branching have been addressed.