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Item Targeted lipidome analysis reveals nutritionally enhanced foxtail millet genotypes across diverse grain colours(Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2026) Ramesh, Palakurthi; Seni, Sushmita; Singh, Roshan Kumar; Pandey, Ashutosh; Prasad, ManojFoxtail millet (Setaria italica), a small-grained cereal crop, is a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fibers, and lipids, with lipid content ranging from 1–5% of the total grain composition. Whole grain is an excellent natural source of nutraceutical properties and health-beneficial components that significantly reduce chronic inflammation, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Different grain colours in foxtail millet are associated with distinct metabolome composition. However, the relationship between lipid composition and grain colour remains largely unexplored. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomic analysis of eight differently coloured foxtail millet grains led to the identification of 352 distinct metabolites. Among these, 44 metabolites were chemically classified into categories such as fatty acids, steroids, hydrocarbons, benzenes, monoradylglycerols, quinones, and hydroquinones. Linoleic acid was identified as the predominant fatty acid, while lutein emerged as the most abundant carotenoid across all accessions. Gene expression profiling of carotenoid biosynthesis genes revealed significant genotype-specific variations, with SiPSY1, SiPSY2, SiPSY3, SiZDS, SiLCYB, and SiLCYE exhibiting markedly higher expression in the golden yellow genotype SI 101. Furthermore, several unique compounds, including decane 1-iodo, dodecane 4, 6-dimethyl, hexadecane, heptadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dotriacontane, 2-methylhexacosane, hexatriacontane, squalene, tetrapentacontane, and tetracosane, were identified in foxtail millet grains. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolic diversity and the differential accumulation of bioactive compounds in among foxtail millet grains with different colours. The study also assists in selecting foxtail millet genotypes with desirable lipid traits for sustainable crop improvement.Item SiHSFA2e regulated expression of SisHSP21.9 maintains chloroplast proteome integrity under high temperature stress(Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2022) Singh, Roshan Kumar; Muthamilarasan, Mehanathan; Prasad, ManojHigh temperature-induced crop failures are prominent nowadays in major staples, including rice, wheat, and maize; however, crops such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica) are resilient to temperature stress. In this study, a novel small heat shock protein of foxtail millet, SisHSP21.9, is identified and characterized for its role in conferring tolerance to high-temperature stress. SisHSP21.9 is a panicoid-specific gene, which is highly upregulated during high-temperature in leaves, and the protein is localized in the chloroplast. Its expression is directly regulated by heat shock factor, SiHSFA2e, during temperature stress. Further, overexpression of SiHSP21.9 in rice enhanced the survival of transgenics during high-temperature stress (> 80% survival frequency), and the transgenic lines showed improved plant architecture and overall grain yield. Compared to WT plants, transgenic lines maintained optimal photosynthesis rates with higher photosystem efficiencies at high temperatures, and this is conferred through protecting the components of photosystems, chlorophyll-binding proteins, and chloroplast-localized functional proteins by SisHSP21.9. Prolonged high-temperature stress showed minimal damage to chloroplast proteins resulting in comparatively lower yield loss (35–37%) in transgenic lines. Altogether, the study suggests that SisHSP21.9 is a potential candidate for designing thermotolerant crops for climate-resilient agriculture; however, further research is needed because tolerance to abiotic stresses is polygenic.Item Decarboxylation mechanisms of the C4 cycle in foxtail millet observed under salt and selenium treatments(Springer Nature Publishing AG, 2023) Shah, Wasifa Hafiz; Rasool, Aadil; Padder, Sajad Ahmad; Singh, Roshan Kumar; Prasad, Manoj; Tahir, Inayatullah; Rehman, Reiaz ul; Hakeem, Khalid RehmanFoxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), a millet with a smaller genome and shorter life cycle, growing in arid and semi-arid areas, is severely affected by salt stress with reduced biomass and yield. In this study, we report that salt stress poses deleterious effects on foxtail millet and in response foxtail millet shows flexibility in terms of decarboxylation under salt stress conditions. Our results indicate a significant increase in enzymatic activities as well as the expression levels of genes encoding NADP-Malic Enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-Malic Enzyme (NAD-ME), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), NADP-Malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), NAD-Malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH), Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) under salt stress. Thereby, suggesting that foxtail millet switches to mixed mode of decarboxylation mechanisms for better adaptability under salt stress. We also report that lower doses of selenium (Se) alleviated the effects of salinity. 1 µM Se supplementation enhanced the activity and gene expression of NADP-ME, NAD-ME, NADP-MDH, NAD-MDH and AlaAT. The gene expression and the activity of ATP-dependent PEPCK and AspAT were reduced by Se, making the process more energy-efficient. Hence, suggests that Se alleviated the deleterious effects of salinity by enhancing the mixed mode of decarboxylation in energy-efficient way.