Institutional Publications
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ndkr-library.nipgr.ac.in/handle/123456789/11
Browse
17 results
Search Results
Item Molecular approaches for improving nutritional quality in crops(John Wiley & Sons, 2024) Gandhi, Nidhi; Singh, Amar PalThe increasing rate of occurrence of chronic diseases in the human population is creating a global awareness of consuming a healthy diet. It has been shown that regular consumption of a nutritious diet plays a vital role in the prevention of malnutrition as well as a variety of deadly diseases. Food is defined as functional if it provides additional benefits along with basic nutrition, either by reducing the risk of diseases or by improving the health state. There are different strategies and techniques for the identification and quantification of the desired phytochemicals, metabolites, and minerals in the crops and for introducing the superior alleles responsible for the desired traits in the germplasm. By using genome-level genetic studies like GWAS, the genomic regions can be identified that are responsible for the superior metabolic trait. Recently, precise genome editing using CRISPR/ Cas9 technology and overexpression of a few genes in crop plants offer to enhance the production of desired metabolites and micronutrients. Many crops have been produced in the last few years by altering the expression of genes via gene silencing, genome-level editing, mutagenesis, or other strategies of advanced genetic engineering. In this chapter, we summarize the different approaches for enhancing the yield and nutritional quality of crops. The successful attempts to increase the essential vitamins and micronutrients or other beneficial phytochemicals in the crops will be discussed. Altogether, we describe the application of different techniques and strategies to manipulate the genome or precise gene in the crop plants to enhance the food's nutritional quality.Item Jasmonate signaling modulates root growth by suppressing iron accumulation during ammonium stress(Oxford University Press, 2024) Pandey, Anshika; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Gupta, Shreya; Prasad, Priti; Agrwal, Kanupriya; Asif, Mehar Hasan; Pandey, Ajay Kumar; Bandyopadhyay, Kaustav; Singh, Amar PalPlants adapt to changing environmental conditions by adjusting their growth physiology. Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the major inorganic nitrogen forms for plant uptake. However, high NH4+ inhibits plant growth, and roots undergo striking changes, such as inhibition of cell expansion and division, leading to reduced root elongation. In this work, we show that high NH4+ modulates nitrogen metabolism and root developmental physiology by inhibiting iron (Fe)-dependent Jasmonate (JA) signaling and response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transcriptomic data suggested that NH4+ availability regulates Fe and JA-responsive genes. High NH4+ levels led to enhanced root Fe accumulation, which impaired nitrogen balance and growth by suppressing JA biosynthesis and signaling response. Integrating pharmacological, physiological, and genetic experiments revealed the involvement of NH4+ and Fe-derived responses in regulating root growth and nitrogen metabolism through modulation of the JA pathway during NH4+ stress. The JA signaling transcription factor MYC2 directly bound the promoter of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) and repressed it to optimize the NH4+/Fe-JA balance for plant adaptation during NH4+ stress. Our findings illustrate the intricate balance between nutrient and hormone-derived signaling pathways that appear essential for optimizing plant growth by adjusting physiological and metabolic responses during NH4+/Fe stress.Item Review: Nutrient-nutrient interactions governing underground plant adaptation strategies in a heterogeneous environment(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Singh, Kratika; Gupta, Shreya; Singh, Amar PalPlant growth relies on the mineral nutrients present in the rhizosphere. The distribution of nutrients in soils varies depending on their mobility and capacity to bind with soil particles. Consequently, plants often encounter either low or high levels of nutrients in the rhizosphere. Plant roots are the essential organs that sense changes in soil mineral content, leading to the activation of signaling pathways associated with the adjustment of plant architecture and metabolic responses. During differential availability of minerals in the rhizosphere, plants trigger adaptation strategies such as cellular remobilization of minerals, secretion of organic molecules, and the attenuation or enhancement of root growth to balance nutrient uptake. The interdependency, availability, and uptake of minerals, such as phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), nitrogen (N) forms, nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+), modulate the root architecture and metabolic functioning of plants. Here, we summarized the interactions of major nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Zn) in shaping root architecture, physiological responses, genetic components involved, and address the current challenges associated with nutrient-nutrient interactions. Furthermore, we discuss the major gaps and opportunities in the field for developing plants with improved nutrient uptake and use efficiency for sustainable agriculture.Item Nitrogen forms and their availability-dependent root developmental adaptation in plants(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Pandey, Anshika; Singh, Kratika; Singh, Amar PalNitrogen (N) is one of the crucial nutrients required for the growth and development of plants. The two predominant forms of N acquired by terrestrial plants are nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+). Due to the leaching behavior of these forms, N often ends up being the limiting nutrient for crop plants. Postgreen revolution strategies of accelerated crop production necessitated the heavy application of N fertilizers, a large portion of which succumbs to air and water. To adapt to varying levels of NO3− and NH4+ and under their low availability, plants have inherent mechanisms of altering their root system architecture (RSA), a phenomenon termed as N foraging response. Knowledge about the biochemical mechanisms and genetic aspects behind N source preference and root plasticity is vast but scattered. In this chapter, we attempt to put forward the coordination of primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development by intrinsic factors such as growth regulators and N metabolites in an N-form-specific manner. The influence of N interaction with other nutrients on root development has also been featured.Item Plant growth coordination during stress conditions: Role of phytohormones(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Gupta, Shreya; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar PalPlants encounter multiple stresses which are associated with compromised plant growth and yield across the globe. Several studies have been done in the past few years to understand plant acclimatization under numerous stresses like nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, temperature, and pathogen attack. The shoot and root system architecture in plants seems a promising approach as it is highly sensitive to edaphic and internal signals and plants adapt by modulating them to these stresses. Intrinsic factors such as growth hormones are the key components of the plant whose levels and signaling determine the extent of plant growth and performance. The major phytohormones that are involved in monitoring plant development for optimized plant growth during environmental stresses are auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellins, and ethylene. In recent years, detailed genetic and biochemical analysis of the signaling and biosynthesis genes and transcription factors of these hormones have been studied from the model plant Arabidopsis to different crops. Genetic studies have shown that these hormones regulate several biological processes of root and shoot growth including cell elongation, division and differentiation, root hair and lateral root formation, and floral and leaf morphology in response to altered environmental conditions. In this chapter, the current understanding of both above- and below-ground plant organs and their developmental plasticity during stress conditions along with the interplay of growth hormones has been summarized and discussed.Item Brassinosteroids-regulated nitrogen metabolism fine-tunes growth physiology and low nitrogen response in tomato(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yadav, Ritesh Kumar; Analin, Benedict; Panda, Mahesh Kumar; Ranjan, Aashish; Singh, Amar PalNitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient for plants and its limited availability in the soils significantly affects plant growth and development. To adapt under low N condition, plants undergo various changes such as root system reprogramming to explore deeper soil horizons and metabolic activity adjustment. These N dependent responses and the genetic factors governing them are poorly known in crop plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of BRs on N metabolism in tomato. BRs application improved N assimilation and metabolic responses. By using the transgenic approach, we demonstrated the essential role of tomato Brassinazole resistant (BES1/BZR1) homolog 4 (BEH4) protein in regulating N metabolic response, growth physiology, and fruit quality. Overexpression of BEH4 promoted deeper root system architecture and improved physiological performance by adjusting N metabolic activity and photosynthetic efficiency in low N-grown plants. The BEH4 transgenic lines exhibited increased expression of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation which are associated with the improved N content and assimilation (root and shoot). Altogether, data suggested an essential role of BRs in plant adaptation to altered N regimes and appears potential target for genetic manipulation to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nutritional quality in crops.Item Brassinosteroids in plant growth and development(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yadav, Ritesh Kumar; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar PalBrassinosteroids (BRs) are crucial for modulating several plant-related growth activities in the plant. The essential roles of BRs in modulating growth have been well characterized. Recently, BRs emerged as key players, which are accountable for governing stress-mediated responses like high temperature and nutrient deficiency. The genetic components of BRs signaling starting with membrane-confined receptors to the nuclear transcriptional effectors have been characterized. Here, we summarize the advances in the BRs signaling pathway and its spatiotemporal regulation in context with plant growth and development. Further, we highlight the essential role of BRs in regulating the root-and-shoot development, including the effect of BRs on stomata development and physiology as well as in root system architecture modulation. This summarized information will shed light on the current understanding of the BRs regulatory network and its multiple levels of cross talk with the other growth-related hormones in determining the plant performance under stress conditions.Item Nitric oxide: Interaction with auxins, brassinosteroids, and abscisic acid(John Wiley & Sons, 2022) Gupta, Shreya; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Singh, Amar PalStudies have identified the central role of nitric oxide in stress mitigation through the modulation of physiological and biochemical pathways including germination, photosynthesis regulation, and programmed cell death. Nitric Oxide in Plants: A Molecule with Dual Roles provides a detailed account of the physio-biochemical, molecular, and omic basis of NO-mediated responses in crop plants under different stresses. Summarizing recent work from leading researchers in the field, this up-to-date volume presents the current understanding of the modulation of the endogenous nitric oxide concentration following exogenous treatments and nitric oxide scavengers or inhibitors. The contributors discuss topics such as NO-mediated regulation of growth, photosynthesis, and tolerance mechanisms, the reductive and oxidative pathways of NO synthesis, molecular interventions for enhancing NO synthesis, the role of nitrogen in production of NO, beneficial microbes in NO production under normal and changing environmental conditions, and more.Item The interplay of auxin and brassinosteroid signaling tunes root growth under low and different nitrogen forms(Oxford University Press, 2022) Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Pandey, Anshika; Gupta, Shreya; Singh, Amar PalThe coordinated signaling activity of auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs) is critical for optimal plant growth and development. Nutrient-derived signals regulate root growth by modulating the levels and spatial distribution of growth hormones to optimize nutrient uptake and assimilation. However, the effect of the interaction of these two hormones and their signaling on root plasticity during low and differential availability of nitrogen (N) forms (NH4+/NO3-) remains elusive. We demonstrate that root elongation under low nitrogen (LN) is an outcome of the interdependent activity of auxin and BR signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). LN promotes root elongation by increasing BR-induced auxin transport activity in the roots. Increased nuclear auxin signaling and its transport efficiency have a distinct impact on root elongation under LN conditions. High auxin levels reversibly inhibit BR signaling via BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR1 (BKI1). Using the tissue-specific approach, we show that BR signaling from root vasculature (stele) tissues is sufficient to promote cell elongation and, hence, root growth under LN condition. Further, we show that N form-defined root growth attenuation or enhancement depends on the fine balance of BR and auxin signaling activity. NH4+ as a sole N source represses BR signaling and response, which in turn inhibits auxin response and transport, whereas NO3- promotes root elongation in a BR signaling–dependent manner. In this study, we demonstrate the interplay of auxin and BR-derived signals, which are critical for root growth in a heterogeneous N environment and appear essential for root N foraging response and adaptation.Item Differential response of rice genotypes to nitrogen availability is associated with the altered nitrogen metabolism and ionomic balance(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Kumari, Priyanka; Devi, Loitongbam Lorinda; Kumar, Amresh; Pandey, Ashutosh; Sinha, Subodh Kumar; Singh, Amar PalNitrogen (N) uptake and its assimilation are crucial steps for plant growth and productivity. Plant's N balance largely depends on nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) forms present in the rhizosphere. Due to the fluctuating and heterogeneous availability of these N forms in the soils, plants encounter low to N deficiency. In contrast to low nitrogen, high N in the form of ammonium (NH4+) severely hampers plant development and causes NH4+ toxicity. In this study, we assessed eleven rice genotypes under sufficient (SN) and low N (LN) conditions. From the analysis, we identified a rice genotype, PB1, which is hypersensitive to SN and showed reduced root and shoot growth. In contrast to the SN condition, PB1 showed improved growth performance under the LN condition. Our data show that compromised growth of PB1 under SN condition is associated with increased activity of N responsive genes such as OsAMT1.1, OsAMT2.3, OsAMT3.1 and OsAMT3.2, OsNRT1.1A and OsNRT1.1B. Strikingly, LN treatment improved the root and shoot biomass with a concomitant increase in levels of NO3- and NH4+ transporter genes along with an increase in shoot: root NO3- ratio. Additionally, we show that increased levels of N in PB1 under SN condition are associated with the enhanced activity of the GS-GOGAT pathway. Further, our ionomic analysis highlighted the role of N-defined Fe accumulation which is partially associated with the N toxicity. Taken together, our study led to identifying a rice genotype (Oryza sativa L.) which is associated with enhanced N levels and assimilation and could be used for raising N use efficient rice varieties using breeding approaches.