Institutional Publications
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Item Development of technology for large-scale economic production of propagules in the rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)(Taylor & Francis Group, 2014) Bansal, R.P.; Bahl, J.R.; Lal, R.K.; Singh, V.; Kumar, SushilExperiments were carried out at Lucknow (India) to standardize protocols for derivation of cuttings from rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) plants and converting them into rooted propagules. The protocol could give more than 1,500 cuttings/plant in ∼16 weeks. The cuttings planted in polybags or in field plots over soil + FYM or NPK developed into rooted propagules suitable for field cropping in 6 weeks. The field-produced propagules were suitable for planting in areas near their production, and the propagules produced in polybags were suitable for planting both locally and for transporting to distant locations geranium planting.Item Abnormal Leaf morphologies associated with primary and secondary vein patterning defects in Catharanthus roseus: mid-vein defect converts simple leaf into binate compound leaf(Springer, 2013) Kumar, Sushil; Sharma, VishakhaSimple petiolated leaves are formed on the wild type plants of apocynaceous medicinal-cum-floricultural species Catharanthus roseus. A C. roseus variant line homozygous for two loss-of-function mutations, an induced leafless inflorescence (lli) mutations and a natural bisected leaf (bil) mutation, was isolated on account of its unique leaf bisection phenotype which was characterized. The lli bil phenotype was highly penetrant but poorly expressed. Only about one-fourth of leaves of lli bil plants were bisected. Leaf bisection was correlated with premature termination of midvein. Degree of bisection varied from a nick at the apex of lamina to formation of two complete leaflets. The notch in 43 % of the bisected leaves bore a pin-like apical adventitious growth. The features of bisected leaves showed that midvein was essential for symmetrical development of smooth lamina spans on its either side; although the development of spans was independent. Several lateral veins emerged from proximal midvein and grew acropetally. Lamina development in the proximal region failed in the absence of local lateral veins. Bisected leaves were also formed as bi-lobed simple leaves, each lobe having its own primary (mid) vein arising from proximally bifurcated midvein. Also formed were completely bisected leaves. In these binately compound leaves, each leaflet had its own petiolule attached to the leaf petiole. The lli bil genotype of C. roseus perhaps provides the only example of a compound leaved variant evolving from a simple leaved species. This phenotype of lli bil leaves supports the suggestion that simple leaf form was ancestral in angiosperms.Item Chemical composition of the fatty oils of the seeds of Cleome viscosa accessions(Natural Product Communications Inc., 2012) Kumari, R; Mallavarapu, GR; Jain, VK; Kumar, SushilFatty oils of the seeds of Cleome viscosa accessions from Delhi, Jaipur, Faridabad, Surajkund and Hyderabad were methylated and analyzed by GC and GC-MS.The major fatty acids, identified as their methyl esters, of the oils from these five locations were palmitic acid (10.2-13.4%), stearic acid (7.2-10.2%), oleic acid (16.9-27.1%) and linoleic acid (47.0-61.1%). In addition, palmitoleic acid,octadec-(11E)-enoicacid, arachidic acid, eicosa-(11Z)-enoic acid, linolenic acid, heneicosanoic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosanoic acid, hexacosanoic acid, 12-oxo-stearic acid, and the alkanes tetracosane, pentacosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, octacosane, nonacosane, triocontane, hentriacontane and dotriacontane, were also identified as minor and trace constituents in some of these oils.Item SCAR markers for correct identification of Phyllanthus amarus, P. fraternus, P. debilis and P. urinaria used in scientific investigations and dry leaf bulk herb trade(Thieme E-Journals, 2008) Jain, Neeraj; Shasany, Ajit Kumar; Singh, Shefali; Khanuja, Suman Preet Singh; Kumar, SushilThe trade in Phyllanthus material as bulk herb is rampant and mainly involves herbaceous species such as Phyllanthus amarus, P. fraternus, P . debilis and P. urinaria. These species are very important in herbal medicines and have varied activities. In India these species grow sympatrically and there are chances of deliberate or ignorant adulteration of crude drugs, lowering the efficiency of the medication for its intended purpose. Secondly, incorrect identification may also lead to erroneous reports on activities/molecules. To overcome this problem in crude drug (dry leaf powder) and compliment morphological identification in live plant, we have developed SCAR markers for all four species. In each species, we selected one fragment as being monomorphic between accessions but differing in size between species. These species-specific fragments were selected, cloned and sequenced. Based on the sequences, primer pairs were designed and amplification conditions standardized. SCAR markers were isolated from population DNA amplification profiles and validated by sequencing. The species-specific SCAR primers could retrieve the same size and sequence of fragments as in the RAPD profile. These fragments are 1150 bp, 317 bp, 980 bp and 550 bp in size for P. amarus, P. fraternus, P. debilis and P. urinaria, respectively. Additional fragments in P. debilis and P. urinaria indicate different alleles. The retrieval of same size and sequence of species-specific unique SCAR markers from the respective accessions (mixed DNA sample of same accessions) indicates the usefulness to study natural hybridization between the species in addition to adulteration.Item The cultivation of mints in India(CRC Press, 2007) Kumar, Sushil; Pandey-Rai, Sashi; Rai, S.K.For thousands of years mint has enjoyed an honored place in pharmacopoeias and kitchen cupboards in India, China, Europe, North America, and elsewhere. Today the amount of essential oils produced from the four major mint species (cornmint, peppermint, Native spearmint, and Scotch spearmint) exceeds 23,000 metric tonnes annually with a market value of more than $400 million. This makes mint the most economically important essential oil. Continuing in the esteemed tradition of the previous volumes in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Series, Mint: The Genus Mentha presents an in-depth look at the genus, providing information on its history, production, chemical constituents, market trends, and medicinal and nutritional uses. Beginning with a review of the correct taxonomy and proper distillation and extraction methods, the text then expands on many detailed and complex aspects of the cultivation, processing, and quality assessment of the different types of mint. Outlining recent studies on the biosynthesis and biotechnology of improved potential for oil production, the text also includes theoretical aspects of distillation used to achieve efficient and cost effective oil isolation. Variations in chemical components in oils, even within a given species, by regional or environmental circumstance is the focus of a large portion of this book. The influence of these quantitative differences is explored in chapters on characterization, selection, and quality control methods including gas chromatographic profiles. The practice of ameliorating these variations with diluted or adulterated blends to produce a consistent product characteristic is also evaluated. The final portion of the book examines the role mint plays in the pharmaceutical, personal and oral care, aromatherapy, and flavor industries including confections, tobacco, and alcohol. With extensive information from internationally known experts in their field, Mint: The Genus Mentha is an invaluable companion for all those actively engaged in the research, cultivation, marketing, or product development of mint.Item Conventional and new concepts of species and genetic mechanisms for the origin of species(Indian National Science Academy, 2007) Kumar, SushilItem Composition of the essential oil from the roots of Artemisia annua(Springer, 2007) Goel, Divya; Goel, Richa; Singh, Vijender; Ali, Mohammed; Mallavarapu, Gopal Rao; Kumar, SushilUpon hydrodistillation, dried roots of Artemisia annua L. cultivar Jwarharti gave a pleasantly fragrant essential oil with a yield of 0.25%. GC and GC–MS analyses of the oil enabled the identification of 52 components representing 83.2% of the oil. The oil was rich in sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes and had cis-arteannuic alcohol (25.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (6.7%), β-maaliene (6.3%), β-caryophyllene (5.5%), caryophyllene oxide (4.4%) and 2-phenylbenzaldehyde (3.5%) as its major components. The oil was found to possess considerable fumigant activity and ability to repel adult Tribolium castaneum beetles.Item Essential oils of petal, leaf and stem of the antimalarial plant Artemisia annua(Springer, 2006) Goel, Divya; Singh, Vijender; Ali, Mohammed; Mallavarupu, Gopal Rao; Kumar, SushilThe chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from petals, leaves and stems of the flowering stage of plants of Artemisia annua cultivar Jwarharti was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS); 86, 77, and 63 compounds were identified in the leaf, petal, and stem oils, respectively. Large compositional differences were detected between the three oils. The petal and leaf oils were rich in monoterpenes. The stem oil was rich in sesquiterpenes. Camphor, present in the leaf oil, was absent from petal oil.Item Inter-relationships between morphine and codeine in the Indian genetic resources of opium poppy Papaver Somniferum(Taylor & Francis Group, 2002) Bajpai, Suphla; Gupta, Ajay Prakash; Gupta, MM; Kumar, SushilA set of 208 Indian and two Thai germplasm accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum were assessed for variation in 17 morphological characters, seed yield and content and yield of morphine from capsules and peduncles. The germplasm was found to be highly variable for all the characters evaluated. In the harvested peduncles and capsules, 13% was peduncle straw, 61% seeds and the rest capsule husk. The peduncle and capsule straw yields ranged between 0.6–2.2 and 1.4–5.3 g plant-1, respectively. Morphine content in the peduncle varied between about 0.001–0.24% and that in the capsule from 0.02 to 1.05%. On average basis morphine content in the capsule husk was more than 9-fold higher than the peduncle straw. The plant morphine yields from peduncles and capsules ranged between 1.2 and 28.6 mg plant-1. Four accessions yielded more than 20 mg of morphine plant-1. Among these, in one of the accessions about 13% of the morphine was contributed by the peduncle. The plants of high morphine yielding accessions were generally small in height, and bore white flowers and large sized ungrooved capsules with a small number of seeds, on a large peduncle.