Browsing by Author "Chaudhary, Swati"

Now showing 1 - 17 of 17

2-Hydroxyacetophenone, the main component of the essential oil of the roots of Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2009) Mallavarupu, Gopal R.; Mishra, Raghvendra K.; Chaudhary, Swati; Pandey, Richa; Gupta, Sarika; Kumar, Sushil
The volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the roots of Carissa opaca was analyzed by GC and GC/MS to study its composition. Thirty-five compounds representing 98.3% of the oil were identified. Si-gel chromatography of the oil yielded 2-hydroxyacetophenone, which was characterized by spectral methods (1H-, 13C-NMR and mass), as the main component, amounting to 89.5% of the oil.
Agronomic characteristics of autumn and winter seeded photoperiod insensitive spring wheat in agro-climate of north-west India
(Indian National Science Academy, 2012) Kumar, Sushil; Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumar, Arvind; Kumari, Renu
Analysis of linalool content in the inflorescence (flower) essential oil and leaf oil of Lippia alba cultivar ‘Kavach’
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2010) Mishra, Raghvendra K.; Chaudhary, Swati; Pandey, Richa; Gupta, Sarika; Mallavarapu, Gopal R.; Kumar, Sushil
Lippia alba cultivar ‘Kavach’ is an aromatic, multi-branched, trailing, deep-rooted shrub that can be planted on slopes to control soil erosion. Cuttings of this genotype were planted on the edges of field plots developed by depositing agricultural soil on the rocky terrain of Aravalli mountain range land on which the Institute is located in New Delhi. Shoots harvested several times a year in the third, fourth and fifth year from planting were sampled for leaves and flowers bearing inflorescences to determine their biomass yield. The inflorescences and leaves sampled from the harvests of third year were analyzed by GC and GC/MS for their oil quality. Altogether 55 compounds were identified in leaf and inflorescence oils; a set of 47 compounds made up 96.3% of the leaf oil and 46 compounds made up 97.0% of inflorescence oil. The concentrations of linalool and 1,8-cineole were 67.7% and 6.4% in the leaf oil, whereas these were 79.3% and 5.2%, respectively, in inflorescence oil. The inflorescence oil also contained cis- and trans-linalool oxides (2.8%). The importance of the flower oil of L. alba cultivar ‘Kavach’ as a linalool-rich oil resource is discussed in terms of traditional sources of such oil and unique features of the cultivar.
Characterization and genetic linkage mapping of the horticulturally important mutation leafless inflorescence (lli) in periwinkle Catharanthus roseus
(Elsevier, 2011) Chaudhary, Swati; Sharma, Vishakha; Prasad, Manoj; Bhatia, Sabhyata; Tripathi, Bhumi Nath; Yadav, Gitanjali; Kumar, Sushil
Catharanthus roseus is a seasonal to perennial garden plant and the exclusive source of the anticancer drugs vincristine and vinblastine. Its horticultural importance is due to the compound racemose inflorescence architecture of branches in which pairs of prominent flowers are subtended by one of the two leaves per node. Here is reported the construction of a molecular framework genetic linkage map and mapping on it of the LEAF-LESS INFLORESCENCE (LLI) locus. It is quantitatively shown that the adult lli mutant plants produce altered inflorescence of improved horticultural value, wherein axes are excessively branched, two flowers are formed per node that are bare of subtending leaves, and several times more open flowers are displayed each day, as compared to LLI plants.
Characterization of variation and quantitative trait loci related to terpenoid indole alkaloid yield in a recombinant inbred line mapping population of Catharanthus roseus
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2012) Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Srivastava, Suchi; Pandey, Richa; Kumar, Sushil
Improved Catharanthus roseus cultivars are required for high yields of vinblastine, vindoline and catharanthine and/or serpen- tine and ajmalicine, the pharmaceutical terpenoid indole alkaloids. An approach to derive them is to map QTL for terpenoid indole alkaloids yields, identify DNA markers tightly linked to the QTL and apply marker assisted selection. Towards the end, 197 recombinant inbred lines from a cross were grown over two seasons to characterize variability for seven biomass and 23 terpenoid indole alkaloids content-traits and yield-traits. The recombinant inbred lines were genotyped for 178 DNA markers which formed a framework genetic map of eight linkage groups (LG), spanning 1786.5 cM, with 10.0 cM average intermarker distance. Estimates of correlations between traits allowed selection of seven relatively more important traits for terpenoid indole alkaloids yields. QTL analysis was performed on them using single marker (regression) analysis, simple interval mapping and composite interval mapping procedures. A total of 20 QTL were detected on five of eight LG, 10 for five traits on LG1, five for four traits on LG2, three for one trait on LG3 and one each for different traits on LG three and four. QTL for the same or different traits were found clustered on three LG. Co-location of two QTL for biomass traits was in accord of correlation between them. The QTL were validated for use in marker assisted selection by the recombinant inbred line which transgressively expressed 16 traits contributory to the yield vinblastine, vindoline and catharanthine from leaves and roots that possessed favourable alleles of 13 relevant QTL.
Co-regulation of biomass partitioning by leafblade morphology genes AFILA, MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA in grain pea Pisum sativum
(Indian National Science Academy, 2010) Kumar, Sushil; Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Chaudhary, Swati; Pandey, Richa; Yadav, Gitanjali
In grain pea Pisum sativum, 16 genotypes constructed by combining wild type and mutant alleles of MULTIFOLIATE- PINNA (MFP), AFILA (AF), TENDRIL-LESS (TL) and UNIFOLIATA (UNI) genes, which differed in leaf blade morphology, were quantitatively phenotyped for allometry. The biomass partitioning among root, stem, stipule, leaf blade and seeds was unique for these genotypes suggesting that MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes determined leaf blade and plant architecture. Gene actions were inferred on the basis of mutant phenotypes. Biomass of all the organs was found to be increased in the tl single mutant. The af mutation singly and in combination with mfp, mfp tl, mfp uni-tac or mfp tl uni-tac decreased biomass of all the organs. Allocation of biomass to leaves was increased at the expense of that to seeds or seeds and stems by a single mfp mutation or in combination with uni-tac, af tl, tl uni-tac and af tl uni-tac mutations. The AF and MFP functions are essential in pea cultivars for high yield of grains.The mechanism for simultaneous control of leaf blade and plant architecture suggested by mutant phenotypes has three elements. The MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes exercise control over meristematic activity in all the organs. Their determination of leaf blade morphology and size affect net photosynthesis or metabolite supply. The quantities of available metabolites determine numbers and sizes of organs or partitioned total biomass. The tl allele is identified as a genetic marker/determinant for breeding tendril-less prolific pea cultivars for obtaining herbage and grains in high yields.
COCHLEATA controls leaf size and secondary inflorescence architecture via negative regulation of UNIFOLIATA (LEAFY ortholog) gene in garden pea Pisum sativum
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2012) Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, Sushil
UNIFOLIATA [(UNI) or UNIFOLIATA-TENDRILLED ACACIA (UNI-TAC)] expression is known to be negatively regulated by COCHLEATA (COCH) in the differentiating stipules and flowers of Pisum sativum. In this study, additional roles of UNI and COCH in P. sativum were investigated. Comparative phenotyping revealed pleiotropic differences between COCH (UNI-TAC and uni-tac) and coch (UNI-TAC and uni-tac) genotypes of common genetic background. Secondary inflorescences were bracteole-less and bracteolated in COCH and coch genotypes, respectively. In comparison to the leaves and corresponding sub-organs and tissues produced on COCH plants, coch plants produced leaves of 1.5-fold higher biomass, 1.5-fold broader petioles and leaflets that were 1.8-fold larger in span and 1.2-fold dorso-ventrally thicker. coch leaflets possessed epidermal cells 1.3-fold larger in number and size, 1.4-fold larger spongy parenchyma cells and primary vascular bundles with 1.2-fold larger diameter. The transcript levels of UNI were at least 2-fold higher in coch leaves and secondary inflorescences than the corresponding COCH organs. It was concluded that COCH negatively regulated UNI in the differentiating leaves and secondary inflorescences and thereby controlled their sizes and/or structures. It was also surmised that COCH and UNI (LFY homolog) occur together widely in stipulate flowering plants.
Cropping of the artemisinin (antimalarial drug) yielding Artemisia annua cultivars, over a ten year period in the agroclimate of north-west India, has not led to the species becoming a weed
(The National Academy of Sciences, India, 2011) Goel, Richa; Goel, Divya; Chaudhary, Swati; Sharma, Vishakha; Kumar, Sushil
The antimalarial drug artemisinin is extracted from the leaves and flowers, harvested from the naturally growing and cultivated populations, of the asteraceae plant Artemisia annua. The species is indigenous to Chongqing region of China where it is a weed and is found growing into extensive wild populations. It has become naturalized (weed) in several agroclimates of its introduction in Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South Americas. A. annua is now beginning to be cultivated in several agroclimates of India. Agrotechnologies suitable for cultivating A. annua in the Indo-gangetic and North- West Indian plains have been developed and introduced with the farmers. Here, the potential of A. annua becoming a weed, in the areas of its cultivation, has been assessed under the New Delhi agroclimatic conditions. Single plants of A. annua were observed to produce about 0.14×106 viable seeds. Cultivation of A. annua in field plots at two locations and enumeration of plants outside the plots of cultivation over a 10 year period was observed not to lead to escape of the plant into areas adjacent to the plots of A. annua cultivation. It is concluded that A. annua, despite being a prolific producer of seeds, is unlikely to become a weed in the agroclimate of north-west plains region of India. Therefore, subtropical agroclimates such as that of north-west Indian plains offer comparative advantage for the cultivation of the domesticated A. annua for artemisinin production.
Development of improved horticultural genotypes characterized by novel over-flowering inflorescence trait in periwinkle Catharanthus roseus
(Springer Science, 2012) Kumar, Sushil; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumari, Renu; Sharma, Vishakha; Kumar, Arvind
Floricultural genotypes with new plant architecture were developed in the seasonal/perennial garden plant Catharanthus roseus. The new genotypes were developed by crossing the double mutant line lli egd of C. roseus with two horticultural lines of C. roseus and a line of Catharanthus trichophyllus. As compared to the normal LLI inflorescence architecture in which racemose inflorescence had pairs of flowers subtended by one of the two leaves per node, the lli inflorescence of the new lines was excessively branched and each branch had two flowers per node which were bereft of subtending leaves. The new lines are novel in displaying several fold increased number of flowers on inflorescence unhindered by leaves. In the new floricultural lines the over-flowering lli trait was combined with variation in plant height, petal and eye colors and tolerance to the common fungal diseases.
Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum
(Springer, 2009) Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumar, Anil; Kumar, Sushil
In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.
Genetic analysis of structure and function of stipules in pea (Pisum sativum)
(Indian National Science Academy, 2012) Sharma, Vishakha; Sinha, Alok Krishna; Chaudhary, Swati; Priyadarshini, Anupama; Tripathi, Bhumi Nath; Kumar, Sushil
Genetic control of leaf-blade morphogenesis by the Insecatus gene in Pisum sativum
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2010) Kumar, Sushil; Chaudhary, Swati; Sharma, Vishakha; Kumari, Renu; Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Kumar, Arvind; Choudhury, Debjani Roy; Jha, Ruchi; Priyadarshini, Anupama; Kumar, Arun
To understand the role of INSECATUS (INS) gene in pea, the leaf blades of wild-type, ins mutant and seven other genotypes, constructed by recombining ins with uni-tac, af, tl and mfp gene mutations, were quantitatively compared. The ins was inherited as a recessive mutant allele and expressed its phenotype in proximal leaflets of full size leaf blades. In ins leaflets, the midvein development was arrested in distal domain and a cleft was formed in lamina above this point. There was change in the identity of ins leaflets such that the intercalary interrupted midvein bore a leaf blade. Such adventitious blades in ins, ins tl and ins tl mfp were like the distal segment of respective main leaf blade. The ins phenotype was not seen in ins af and ins af uni-tac genotypes. There was epistasis of uni-tac over ins. The ins, tl and mfp mutations interacted synergistically to produce highly pronounced ins phenotype in the ins tl mfp triple mutant. The role(s) of INS in leaf-blade organogenesis are: positive regulation of vascular patterning in leaflets, repression of UNI activity in leaflet primordia for ectopic growth and in leaf-blade primordium for indeterminate growth of rachis, delimitation of proximal leaflet domain and together with TL and MFP homeostasis for meristematic activity in leaflet primordia. The variant apically bifid shape of the affected ins leaflets demonstrated that the leaflet shape is dependent on the venation pattern.
Genetic interaction and mapping studies on the leaflet development (lld) mutant in Pisum sativum
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2012) Kumar, Sushil; Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Kumar, Arvind; Chaudhary, Swati; Sharma, Vishakha; Kumari, Renu
In Pisum sativum, the completely penetrant leaflet development (lld) mutation is known to sporadically abort pinnae suborgans in the unipinnate compound leaf. Here, the frequency and morphology of abortion was studied in each of the leaf suborgans in 36 genotypes and in presence of auxin and gibberellin, and their antagonists. Various lld genotypes were constructed by multifariously recombining lld with a coch homeotic stipule mutation and with af, ins, mare, mfp, tl and uni-tac leaf morphology mutations. It was observed that the suborgans at all levels of pinna subdivisions underwent lld-led abortion events at different stages of development. As in leafblades, lld aborted the pinnae in leaf-like compound coch stipules. The lld mutation interacted with mfp synergistically and with other leaf mutations additively. The rod-shaped and trumpet-shaped aborted pea leaf suborgans mimicked the phenotype of aborted leaves in HD-ZIP-III-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. Suborganwise aborted morphologies in lld gnotypes were in agreement with basipetal differentiation of leaflets and acropetal differentiation in tendrils. Altogether, the observations suggested that LLD was the master regulator of pinna development. On the basis of molecular markers found linked to lld, its locus was positioned on the linkage group III of the P. sativum genetic map.
Genetics of flowering time in bread wheat Triticum aestivum: complementary interaction between vernalization-insensitive and photoperiod-insensitive mutations imparts very early flowering habit to spring wheat
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2012) Kumar, Sushil; Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Tyagi, Anshika; Mishra, Poonam
Time to flowering in the winter growth habit bread wheat is dependent on vernalization (exposure to cold conditions) and exposure to long days (photoperiod). Dominant Vrn-1 (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) alleles are associated with vernalization independent spring growth habit. The semidominant Ppd-D1a mutation confers photoperiod-insensitivity or rapid flowering in wheat under short day and long day conditions. The objective of this study was to reveal the nature of interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a mutations (active alleles of the respective genes vrn-1 and Ppd-D1b). Twelve Indian spring wheat cultivars and the spring wheat landrace Chinese Spring were characterized for their flowering times by seeding them every month for five years under natural field conditions in New Delhi. Near isogenic Vrn-1 Ppd-D1 and Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a lines constructed in two genetic backgrounds were also phenotyped for flowering time by seeding in two different seasons. The wheat lines of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a, Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Ppd-D1a and Vrn-A1a Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a) genotypes flowered several weeks earlier than that of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b, Vrn-A1b Ppd-D1b and Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1b) genotypes. The flowering time phenotypes of the isogenic vernalization-insensitive lines confirmed that Ppd-D1a hastened flowering by several weeks. It was concluded that complementary interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a active alleles imparted super/very-early flowering habit to spring wheats. The early and late flowering wheat varieties showed differences in flowering time between short day and long day conditions. The flowering time in Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a genotypes was hastened by higher temperatures under long day conditions. The ambient air temperature and photoperiod parameters for flowering in spring wheat were estimated at 25°C and 12 h, respectively.
Interaction between COCHLEATA and UNIFOLIATA genes enables normal flower morphogenesis in the garden pea, Pisum sativum
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2011) Kumar, Sushil; Sharma, Vishakha; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumari, Renu; Kumari, Nisha; Mishra, Poonam
The simple stipules, leaflet and tendril bearing imparipinnately compound leaf blades and zygomorphic flowers, produced on stems of the diploid (2n = 14; ≥ 5000 Mbp nuclear genome) papilionoid Fabaceae plant Pisum sativum, are serving as unique and highly informative models for the dis- section of plant developmental programmes. The growing information has revealed that the processes of stipule, leaf and flower morphogeneses are genetically interconnected in P. sativum (Hofer et al. 1997; Yaxley et al. 2001; Wang et al.2008; Kumar et al. 2009).
Mapping of the multifoliate pinna (mfp) leaf-blade morphology mutation in grain pea Pisum sativum
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2009) Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Kumar, Anil; Chaudhary, Swati; Kumar, Sushil
The multifoliate pinna (mfp) mutation alters the leaf-blade architecture of pea, such that simple tendril pinnae of distal domain are replaced by compound pinna blades of tendrilled leaflets in mfp homozygotes. The MFP locus was mapped with reference to DNA markers using F2 and F2:5 RIL as mapping populations. Among 205 RAPD, 27 ISSR and 35 SSR markers that demonstrated polymorphism between the parents of mapping populations, three RAPD markers were found linked to the MFP locus by bulk segregant analyses on mfp/mfp and MFP/MFP bulks assembled from the F2:5 population. The segregational analysis of mfp and 267 DNA markers on 96 F2 plants allowed placement of 26 DNA markers with reference to MFP on a linkage group. The existence of common markers on reference genetic maps and MFP linkage group developed here showed that MFP is located on linkage group IV of the consensus genetic map of pea.
Regulation of stipule development by COCHLEATA and STIPULE-REDUCED genes in pea Pisum sativum
(Springer, 2009) Kumar, Sushil; Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Kumar, Anil; Srivastava, Suchi; Chaudhary, Swati
Pisum sativum L., the garden pea crop plant, is serving as the unique model for genetic analyses of morphogenetic development of stipule, the lateral organ formed on either side of the junction of leafblade petiole and stem at nodes. The stipule reduced (st) and cochleata (coch) stipule mutations and afila (af), tendril-less (tl), multifoliate-pinna (mfp) and unifoliata-tendrilled acacia (uni-tac) leafblade mutations were variously combined and the recombinant genotypes were quantitatively phenotyped for stipule morphology at both vegetative and reproductive nodes. The observations suggest a role of master regulator to COCH in stipule development. COCH is essential for initiation, growth and development of stipule, represses the UNI-TAC, AF, TL and MFP led leafblade-like morphogenetic pathway for compound stipule and together with ST mediates the developmental pathway for peltate-shaped simple wild-type stipule. It is also shown that stipule is an autonomous lateral organ, like a leafblade and secondary inflorescence.